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Featured researches published by James Richard Hill.


Journal of Sports Economics | 2013

Pay Discrimination, Exit Discrimination or Both? Another Look at an Old Issue Using NBA Data

Peter A. Groothuis; James Richard Hill

Economic literature has identified two potential types of racial discrimination in sports careers: exit discrimination and wage discrimination. The authors test for both types of discrimination in National Basketball Association (NBA) data in two ways. First using a modified Heckman procedure, they control for potential survival bias that may arise from exit discrimination in panel data and could possibly bias the coefficients of wage equations. Not controlling for survival bias could lead to false conclusions concerning the presence of pay discrimination. Using 1990-2008 NBA data, the authors fail to find any evidence of either pay or exit discrimination in the NBA utilizing this new technique. In one specification, however, a negative coefficient on the white dummy is found after controlling for height and being foreign-born suggesting that reverse discrimination is present. Yet, using a subset of the panel data used to examine pay discrimination in the NBA with career earnings the authors find that there is a pay premium paid to White players over their career in the magnitude of 16%–20%, ceteris paribus. Neither of these results, however, is robust and highlights the pitfalls of using the residual method in measuring both pay and exit discrimination.


Applied Economics | 2009

The Dilemma of Choosing Talent: Michael Jordans are Hard to Find

Peter A. Groothuis; James Richard Hill; Timothy J. Perri

This article explores the dilemma of choosing talent using NBA data from 1987 to 2003. We find there is much uncertainty in selecting talent. If superstars are found, they are usually identified early. However, more false positives exist than correct decisions with high draft picks. Our results suggest the dilemma of choosing talent is not so much a winners curse but more like a purchase of a lottery ticket. Most times you lose, but, if you are going to win, you must buy a ticket.


Applied Economics Letters | 2014

Compensation discrimination in the NFL: an analysis of career earnings

Johnny Ducking; Peter A. Groothuis; James Richard Hill

Using NFL data from 2000 to 2008, we test for compensation discrimination on career earnings in the NFL. We use both the traditional dummy variable technique applied to Ordinary Least Squares regression and the quantile regression analysis to measure the effect of race on earnings. We focus on six positional groups: defensive backs, defensive linemen, linebackers, running backs, tight ends and wide receivers. Our analysis finds that a player’s performance determines career earnings and not their race. Perhaps, using a Becker-like argument, market competition for the best players in a competitive environment to achieve a winning team has overcome personal prejudice.


Industrial Relations | 2012

Salary Distribution and Collective Bargaining Agreements: A Case Study of the NBA

James Richard Hill; Nicholas A. Jolly

Traditional non‐sports unions attempt to institutionalize pay between workers by reducing productivity‐related differences in wages and increasing pay differences based on seniority and other non‐productivity‐related characteristics. Recent changes made to the collective bargaining agreements of the NBA have mirrored those of unions that are more traditional. The purpose of this article is to analyze how the changes made in the bargaining agreements of the NBA affect the salary distributions of players over time.


Journal of Sports Economics | 2017

Revenue Sharing and Player Salaries in Major League Baseball

James Richard Hill; Nicholas A. Jolly

This article analyzes how changes made to the revenue sharing agreement in the 2007 Major League Baseball collective bargaining agreement influenced the salaries of position players and pitchers. The tax rates associated with revenue sharing decreased following ratification of the 2007 agreement. Theoretically, these changes should increase players’ marginal revenue product and, therefore, salaries. Results indicate that position players experienced an increase in salary following the 2007 agreement. Pitchers’ salaries also increased, but by a smaller amount. The effect of the 2007 agreement was different throughout the salary distribution for position players, but uniform throughout the distribution for pitchers.


Industrial Relations | 2014

Minimum Pay Scale and Career Length in the NBA

Johnny Ducking; Peter A. Groothuis; James Richard Hill

We use data from the National Basketball Association (NBA) to analyze the impact of minimum salaries on an employee’s career length. The NBA has a salary structure in which the minimum salary a player can receive increases with the player’s years of experience. Salary schedules similar to the NBA’s exist in public education, federal government agencies, the Episcopalian church, and unionized industries. Even though the magnitude of the salaries in the NBA differs from other industries, this study provides insight to the impact of this type of salary structure on career length. Using duration analysis, we find statistically significant evidence that minimum salaries shorten career length. Key Words:


Journal of Sports Economics | 2018

Career Duration in the NBA: Do Foreign Players Exit Early?

Peter A. Groothuis; James Richard Hill

Using a panel of National Basketball Association players from 1990 through 2013, we analyze the determinants of career length in the league. We find that foreign-born players who did not play college basketball in the United States have shorter careers than do American-born players holding performance constant. Foreign-born players who played college basketball in the United States do not have shorter careers. We suggest that both push and pull immigration factors might cause this early exit.


The Review of Black Political Economy | 2017

Compensation Discrimination: An Analysis of Linebackers, Defensive Linemen, and Defensive Backs in the National Football League

Johnny Ducking; Peter A. Groothuis; James Richard Hill

Previous studies have analyzed compensation discrimination in the National Football League with mixed results. We examine the market for defensive players: defensive linemen, linebackers, and defensive backs and find some evidence of discrimination against Black linebackers. We do not find any evidence of discrimination against Black defensive linemen and defensive backs. Our results provide some support for the hypothesis that employers, employees, or customers discriminate against Black linebackers due to prejudice against Black players who have to make decisions that play a major role in the success of the entire defense.


Industrial Relations | 1983

Professional Baseball: The Reserve Clause and Salary Structure

James Richard Hill; William Spellman


Industrial Relations | 1984

Pay Discrimination in Baseball: Data from the Seventies

James Richard Hill; William Spellman

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Peter A. Groothuis

Appalachian State University

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Timothy J. Perri

Appalachian State University

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William Spellman

Central Michigan University

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Gregory A. Falls

Central Michigan University

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