James S. Heiden

Prognosis of Patients with Severe Head Injury

The relationship between clinical features of brain dysfunction in the first week after severe head injury and outcome 6 months later has been analyzed for 1000 patients. Depth of coma, pupil reaction, eye movements, and motor response pattern, and patient age prove to be the most reliable predictors. The degree of brain dysfunction changes markedly soon after injury, and more reliable predictions of outcome result when assessment is based on the best level of functioning recorded in each early epoch. Predictions based on very early assessment are, therefore, often unduly pessimistic. Individual predictions of outcome, based on a large data bank, provide a powerful tool for assessing the relative efficacy of alternative treatments.

Influence of nitroprusside on cerebral pressure autoregulation.

The authors studied 10 cats to assess the question of abolition of cerebral autoregulation attendant on the use of nitroprusside for hypotensive anesthesia. After the establishment of stable base line parameters, a continuous infusion of sodium nitroprusside was begun in a dose sufficient to maintain a mean systemic arterial pressure of 65 mm Hg. Infusion was continued for incremental periods of 30 seconds to 10 minutes, increasing the time of infusion by 30 seconds after each subsequent trial. At 10 seconds after the cessation of nitroprusside administration, intravenous dopamine was infused to raise the systemic arterial pressure to a mean of 100 mm Hg, and the subsequent response in intracranial pressure was recorded in each instance. In no animal was a loss of cerebral autoregulation noted when the nitroprusside infusion was maintained for 3 minute or less. When the infusion was maintained for 4 minutes or longer, cerebral autoregulation was lost in each animal, and the length of time to return of cerebral autoregulation correlated with the duration of nitroprusside infusion. Sodium nitroprusside disturbs the integrity of cerebral pressure autoregulation, and the onset and extent of this disturbance is a dose-dependent phenomenon.

The utilization of native glioma antigens in the assessment of cellular and humoral immune responses in malignant glioma patients

SummaryCellular and humoral components of the immune response have been studied preoperatively, concurrently, and serially in patients with malignant glial neoplasms.In order to assess titres of circulating antibodies to tumour cell constituents an indirect immunofluorescent technique was applied to single cell suspensions and snap frozen cell smears. In an allogeneic system, 49% of 47 test and 7% of 124 control sera gave a positive response to cytoplasmic components.The leucocyte adherence inhibition assay was applied to study 39 test and 64 control patients. Significant non-adherence of leukocytes was observed in 77% of test cases. Control parameters indicated specificity of the response.Simultaneous assessment in 28 test patients yielded a positive response for one or both assays in 89% of cases.

The Assessment of the Efficacy of Different Therapies for Severe Head Injuries

Reviewing mortality over recent decades, Langfitt (1978) concluded that there had been little improvement in spite of the application of several measures designed to control the secondary events that threaten life after injury. Three explanations are possible. One is that therapy is ineffective. Another is that more efficient resuscitation and transportation enable more hopelessly injured patients to reach special centres, where they soon die; this maintains a high mortality rate-even though other patients are doing better than previously.