James T. Fawcett

Pacific bridges: the new immigration from Asia and the Pacific Islands.

This book aims to bring together in one place a body of knowledge that will advance our understanding of Asian and Pacific immigration and related forms of population movement. The 1st 4 chapters provide a general framework within which to understand subsequent chapters. Chapter 2 provides a quantitative framework looking at international migration flows since 1960 and recent data on the foreign-born component of national populations. Chapter 3 examines classical economic theories of migration but finds more promise in theories that look to the linkages and dependencies that may be found through analysis of the global economic system. Chapter 4 considers the effect of foreign policy on migration the effect of migration on foreign policy and migration as an instrument of foreign policy. Chapter 5 investigates the special case of refugees. Chapter 6 shows the clear relationship between immigration policies in the US and the number of immigrants admitted from specific countries. Chapter 7 analyzes refugees from Indochina in the US. Chapter 8 looks at Australias introduction of nondiscriminatory immigration policies in 1973 that have resulted in a big jump in Asian admissions. Chapter 9 examines New Zealands immigration policies and chapter 10 looks at those of Canada. Chapter 11 compares US Asian Americans with other major immigrant groups; chapter 12 projects the status of Asian Americans into the future. Chapters 13-16 examine sending country perspectives on Asian immigration. Chapter 17 provides a useful framework for organizing knowledge about impacts of emigration on the sending society. Chapter 18 compares research on Asians and Hispanics in the US. The final chapter points out that while theoretical work on international migration has shown significant advances in recent years many discontinuities remain between the sweeping gereralizations of current theories and the empirical diversities apparent in the flows and counter flows of people in the Asian-Pacific region.

Asian immigrant entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs: A comparative study of recent Korean and Filipino immigrants

Many immigrants go into business for themselves, rather than enter the salaried labor market. Immigrant business owners in the United States are admired for their enterprising spirit, but they may also be the target of envy and hostility, as was evident in the attacks on Korean businesses during riots in Los Angeles in 1992. Recent research shows that Koreans are more likely than members of many other U.S. immigrant groups to go into business. While a number of theoretical frameworks have been developed that explain group differences in entrepreneurship, very few studies have dealt empirically with the actual process of choosing between salaried employment and self-employment. Why do some immigrants go into business while others do not? This paper examines that question from a comparative perspective, drawing upon survey data on recent Korean and Filipino immigrants to the United States. Implications of the findings with respect to U.S. immigration policies are also discussed.

Estimating the immigration multiplier: an analysis of recent Korean and Filipino immigration to the United States.

In recent years, the vast majority of new immigrants to the United States have been admitted under the family reunification provisions of immigration law. Under this system, the potential for future immigration depends primarily on the magnitude of previous immigration and the size and geographic distribution of family networks of previous immigrants. This article explores the effect of “chaining” through the petitioning of relatives on the demand for future immigrant visas. The data for the study come from a 1986 survey of 3, 911 respondents from the Philippines and the Republic of Korea who were interviewed in Manila and Seoul just after they had received their U.S. immigrant visas. Analyses are conducted to derive different types of multipliers that may be used in estimating the effects of chain migration, including a Theoretical Multiplier, an Adjusted Multiplier and a Projected Multiplier. The empirical results for the Philippines and Korea indicate that the potential for future immigration through the family reunification entitlements of the immigration law is lower than has previously been suggested.

Influences on childbearing intentions across the fertility career: demographic and socioeconomic factors and the value of children.

The influence of various determinants of childbearing intentions throughout the fertility career is investigated using data for 7 countries from the Value of Children project. It is hypothesized that several sets of determinants--age and childbearing experience socioeconomic characteristics and values and disvalues attached to children--have distinctive effects on fertility intentions at particular parities. Desire for another child and ideal family size are taken to represent fertility intentions. From cognitive-balance principles it is argued that these 2 measures are interdependent; they are treated as jointly determined in 2-stage least squares regressions run first across all parities and then within specific parities. Some hypotheses particularly those relating to gender preference receive good support; others such as those relating to income and education do not. Mixed results are reported for the predicted effects of values and disvalues. In interpreting the results attention is directed to contrasts between the 2 measures of fertility intentions to the implications of the relative importance of particular factors across countries and to the usefulness of a perspective on fertility decision making that combines the single-decision and the successive-decisions approaches. (authors modified)

Thailand: An Analysis of Time and Distance Factors at an IUD Clinic in Bangkok

The effectiveness of word-of-mouth communication of a hospital IUD clinic in Bangkok in gaining new acceptors was studied. The service was offered at no cost and without publicity or formal education. Demand for the service grew slowly but by the end of 1 year 12137 insertions had been performed. Women from 54 of Thailands 71 provinces came to the clinic to obtain IUDs. Acceptors came from remote and inaccessible regions as well as urban areas. Generally the number of acceptors per province fell below 100 when the distance from Bangkok exceeded 150 km. It is likely that such a program would attract acceptors from similar distances with similar travel times if 1) there is strong motivation among the populace 2) the social setting allows a free flow of communication 3) there are no strong social barriers to participation in the program and 4) public transportation facilities are relatively good.

Thailand: using family planning acceptors to recruit new cases.

In 1968 at Chulalongkorn Hospital in Bangkok Thailand 695 IUD acceptors were given special service cards that would enable women who returned them to be given free preferential treatment at the clinic. The purpose of the study was to ascertain the effects that acceptors can have on promoting family planning to other women. 26% of the women had 1 or more of their cards returned. There was a 28% increase in insertions in the experimental provinces compared to 6% in the controls. The only suggested differences found among women whose cards were returned and those whose were not returned was that the former group contained a higher proportion of women with no education. Because of the success of this study 3 special service cards are presently given out at the hospital to new family planning acceptors.

The New Filipino Immigrants to the United States: Increasing Diversity and Change.

This study provides a detailed portrait of a large representative group of recent Filipino immigrants to the United States--their backgrounds before immigration their demographic and socioeconomic characteristics their family networks and their plans perceptions and hopes regarding life in the United States. The analysis which is based on scientifically selected samples of adult Filipinos who were issued immigrant visas in 1986 reveals the demographic and human resource characteristics of this cohort and the relationships between those characteristics and U.S. immigration policy. Other topics examined include expectations about various aspects of life in the United States comparisons of the United States and the Philippines on a number of important place dimensions the role of family networks in the immigration process and the factors related to occupational choices including entrepreneurship. (EXCERPT)

Korean immigrants and U.S. immigration policy : a predeparture perspective

This study provides a detailed portrait of a large representative group of recent Korean immigrants to the United States--their backgrounds before immigration their demographic and socioeconomic characteristics their family networks and their plans perceptions and hopes regarding life in the United States. Data are from two surveys undertaken in 1986 the Korean Immigrant Pre-Departure Assessment Survey involving 1834 new immigrants interviewed in Seoul and the Status Adjusters Survey of 549 adult Koreans already in the United States who changed their visa status to immigrant. (EXCERPT)

Thailand: monitoring the commercial distribution of oral contraceptives.

To monitor the number of cycles of oral contraceptives distributed commercially in Thailand it is recommended that the data be collected quarterly from each pharmaceutical company. Data would benefit companies by showing their share of the market and the government by identifying trends. Early analyses demonstrate commercial distribution accounts for 94% of total oral contraceptive market and for 43% of the estimated total contraceptive practice in the country.