James T. Johnson

A Comparison of Selected ‘Serious’ and ‘Popular’ British, Canadian, and United States Newspaper Coverage of Female and Male Athletes Competing in the Centennial Olympic Games: Did Female Athletes Receive Equitable Coverage in the ‘Games of the Women’?

This study compares how selected ‘serious’ and ‘popular’ newspapers from three countries covered female and male athletes during the Centennial Olympic Games, 1996. From Canada, the Globe and Mailand Toronto Star; from Great Britain, The Timesand the Daily Mail; and from the United States, the New York Timesand USA Todaywere examined. Content analysis was used to compare all the articles and photographs of female and male athletes on the front pages and the sports sections of all six newspapers. Although differences were found, generally the results showed that, compared to their respective participation rates, female and male athletes competing in the Centennial Olympic Games received an equitable amount of coverage. Qualitative analyses indicated that female athletes received a comparable coverage with their male peers in article descriptors of their ‘physical appearance/attire’, ‘strength/athleticism’, ‘psychological characteristics’, and ‘family role’, and in ‘competing’, ‘non-competing’, ‘active’, and ‘posed’ photographs. This study confirmed that female athletes receive more newspaper coverage when they compete in major international competitions such as the Olympic Games. Reasons for the reasonably equitable amount of newspaper coverage of female athletes are outlined, with suggestions for improvement of newspaper coverage of female athletes.

Childhood Nocturnal Enuresis: The Prediction of Premature Withdrawal from Behavioral Conditioning.

Predictors of premature withdrawal from a 12-week program of behavioral conditioning for childhood nocturnal enuresis were examined for 47 children treated at a university outpatient clinic. All children were administered the Piers-Harris Childrens Self-Concept Scale; parents completed the 55-item Behavior Problem Checklist and the Tolerance Scale for Enuresis. Parents also reported the methods (i.e., random awakening, restriction of fluids, rewards,punishment, medication, other) previously used to control their childs wetting. A stepwise discriminant function analysis revealed that the function containing number of previous techniques used, presence of child behavior problems, and parent tolerance of enuresis was a significant predictor of early termination of treatment.

The Attitudes Toward Multiracial Children Scale

The Attitudes Toward Multiracial Children Scale (AMCS) was developed to measure adults’ attitudes concerning the psychosocial development of multiracial children. Two separate studies were conducted to evaluate the items devised for the scale. In the first study, an initial version of the AMCS was administered to 250 college students from racially/ethnically diverse backgrounds. Results revealed that scores on the 43-item scale were internally consistent (Cronbach’s alpha = .92) and that four factors (i.e., Multiracial Identity, Multiracial Heritage, General Adjustment, and Social Relationships) could be identified. The AMCS was then revised and administered to a group of 187 participants. Again, factor analysis yielded a four-factor solution (i.e., Psychosocial Adjustment, Self-Esteem, Multiracial Identity, and Multiracial Heritage). The internal consistency for scores on the resulting 23-item scale was good (Cronbach’s alpha = .87) and 3-week test-retest reliability (n = 15) was .77.

An analysis of full range of motion vs. partial range of motion training in the development of strength in untrained men.

&NA; Massey, C.D., J. Vincent, M. Maneval, M. Moore, and J.T. Johnson. An analysis of full range of motion vs. partial range of motion training in the development of strength in untrained men. J. Strength Cond. Res. 18(3):518–521. 2004.—The purpose of this investigation was to compare partial range of motion versus full range of motion training in the development of maximal strength. The bench press was used as the criterion measurement. The study was conducted over a 10‐week period with training sessions occurring twice per week. Subjects were divided into 3 groups. Group 1 (N = 11) trained with 3 full range of motion sets on the bench press. Group 2 (N = 15) trained with 3 partial range of motion sets. A partial repetition was defined as one that is beyond the sticking point 2 to 5 inches from full extension of the elbows. Group 3 (N = 30) trained with a combination of partial and full range of motion sets. All subjects were pre‐ and posttested on the bench press through a full range of motion using a 1 repetition maximum. Each of the 3 groups demonstrated statistically significant increases in strength from pre‐ to posttest. No differences were found between groups. These findings appear to suggest that partial range of motion training can positively influence the development of maximal strength. Therefore, those involved in the strength and conditioning profession can confidently including this method as an adjunct to their normal training protocols when working with individuals similar to those found in this investigation. It is suggested that additional research be conducted to further establish the effectiveness of partial range of motion training in developing maximal strength.

Influence of Range of Motion In Resistance Training In Women: Early Phase Adaptations

The purpose of this investigation was to compare partial range-of-motion versus full range-of-motion training in the development of maximal upper-body strength in women. A 1 repetition maximum bench press was used as the criterion measurement. A 10-week, 2 days per week training regimen was used. Subjects were divided into 3 groups. Group 1 (n = 13) trained with 3 full range-of-motion sets on the bench press. Group 2 (n = 8) trained with 3 partial range-of-motion sets. Group 3 (n = 8), serving as a quasi-control, trained with an equal combination of partial and full range-of-motion sets. Findings indicated that each of the 3 groups experienced an increase in bench-press strength from pre- to posttest. In addition, a statistically significant difference was found between the full range- of-motion group and the partial and mixed groups (p < 0.5). This finding suggests that lifting through a full range of motion was superior to the other training regimens used in this study. However, this investigation also indicated that the partial technique had a positive effect on strength across time within the parameters of this study.

Sexually Abused Girls' Verbalizations in Counseling: An Application of the Client Behavior System.

The Client Behavior System was used to evaluate the therapeutic process with 27 sexually abused girls enrolled in psychoeducationally based individual counseling. Based on ratings collected for the session in which the topic of sexual abuse was formally introduced, it was found that girls were more likely to provide abuse-related answers in response to questions pertaining to child sexual abuse, regardless of whether they were treated by a male or female counselor. These findings provide reason to reconsider previous recommendations that sexually abused girls are best treated by female counselors.

Team approach to female athlete triad care

Background The female athlete triad (TRIAD) affects athletic young women involved in physical activities where leanness or endurance is emphasized. Elements of the TRIAD include disordered eating, amenorrhea, and early-onset osteoporosis. Athletic training literature is consistent in the description of the medical professionals included on the TRIAD treatment team, and supports the inclusion of MDs, RDs, MHPs, and ATCs (Reinkin & Alexander, 2005). In contrast to articles specific to ATCs, the literature directed to MDs, RDs, and MHPs indicates the importance of including these professionals, but inconsistently includes an ATC on the TRIAD treatment team (Sherman & Thompson, 2004). The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptions of MDs, RDs, MHPs, and ATCs regarding the role for the ATC on the TRIAD treatment team. Methods One hundred seventy-five professionals (51 RDs, 48 ATCs, 41 mental health practitioners [MHPs], 35 MDs) participated in this study. RDs were randomly selected from the SCAN practice group of the American Dietetic Association. Participants completed a questionnaire with four constructs (the role of the ATC on the TRIAD team; the ability of the ATC to A) recognize, B) refer, and C) treat the TRIAD patient). Each item was anchored by a 5-point Likert scale. Data were analyzed using oneway MANOVA with an alpha level of 0.05. Results

Children with Developmental Verbal Dyspraxia: Changes in articulation and perceived resilience with intensive multimodal intervention

Research into intervention strategies for developmental verbal dyspraxia (DVD) clearly demonstrates the need to identify effective interventions. The goals of this study were to examine changes in articulation skills following the use of phonetic, multimodal intervention and to consider the relationship between these improved articulation skills and perceptions of resilience behaviors. These changes were related to components of the World Health Organization (WHO) International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health, Children and Youth version (ICF-CY). The intervention was implemented daily for 12 children diagnosed with DVD, ages 3 to 10 years, enrolled in a school for children with speech, language, and hearing impairments on a university campus in the southeast of the USA. Eleven children presented with significant comorbid conditions. Changes in articulation, along with changes in parents’ and speech-language therapists’ (SLTs’) perceptions of resilience behaviors were measured. At the end of a 2-year period, statistically significant gains in articulation and parents’ and SLTs’ perceptions of resilience behaviors were noted. The relationship between improved articulation skills and increased resilience behaviors is discussed.