Jan Møller Jensen

Predicting online grocery buying intention: a comparison of the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behavior

This paper tests the ability of two consumer theories-the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behavior-in predicting consumer online grocery buying intention. In addition, a comparison of the two theories is conducted. Data were collected from two web-based surveys of Danish (n=1222) and Swedish (n=1038) consumers using self-administered questionnaires. These results suggest that the theory of planned behavior (with the inclusion of a path from subjective norm to attitude) provides the best fit to the data and explains the highest proportion of variation in online grocery buying intention.

An empirical examination of brand loyalty

Purpose – This article aims to measure relative attitude as a latent two‐dimensional second‐order factor and to investigate the relationship between relative attitude and repeat purchasing.Design/methodology/approach – A conceptual model of attitude‐behaviour consistency and brand loyalty is proposed and empirically tested in the context of frequently purchased consumer goods. Structural equation modelling was used on survey data from 395 households to test the model and corresponding hypotheses.Findings – The results support the conceptualization of relative attitude as a composite of purchase involvement and perceived brand differences and also support the hypotheses proposed in our research model. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed at the end of the article.Originality/value – Survey data from 395 households was used to test the model and corresponding hypotheses.

Shopping orientation and online clothing purchases: the role of gender and purchase situation

Purpose – This paper seeks to investigate shopping orientation and online clothing purchases across four different gender‐related purchasing contexts. A conceptual model for understanding the impact of shopping orientation on consumer online clothing purchase is proposed and tested both in a general setting and across purchasing contexts.Design/methodology/approach – Questionnaires were distributed to 1,150 Danish household addresses by use of the “drop‐off‐call‐back” survey method. A total of 441 households returned usable responses from either one or both adults in the household. Most adults provided responses with respect to purchasing clothing for themselves and for their partner, making a total of 906 cases distributed across the four purchasing contexts. T‐tests and linear structural equation modelling were utilised to investigate expectations and hypotheses.Findings – The results support the expected differences in mens and womens shopping orientations and willingness to purchase clothing online....

Consumer loyalty on the grocery product market: an empirical application of Dick and Basu's framework

Purpose – This study aims to assess the usefulness of Dick and Basus framework of customer loyalty to examine consumer loyalty on the grocery product market.Design/methodology/approach – After a short presentation of Dick and Basus framework, the article discusses a number of anticipated antecedents and consequences to consumer loyalty on the grocery product market. Next, the four loyalty categories and the hypothesized relationships with antecedents and consequences are tested on empirical data from a large survey investigating brand loyalty across five grocery product categories.Findings – The results support the presence of Dick and Basus four loyalty typologies within all the investigated product categories and further provide evidence for the expected differences between product categories with regard to the proportion of loyalty categories within each product category. The results also support relationships between relative attitude and corresponding antecedents and consequences as suggested by D...

An empirical investigation of the relationships between hygiene factors, motivators, satisfaction, and response among visitors to zoos and aquaria

Drawing on Herzberg�s two-factor theory, this article suggests that visitors to attractions base their overall evaluation or satisfaction with an experience on their consideration of two types of aspects referred to as either �motivators� or �hygienes.� The application of Herzberg�s two-factor theory to an attraction context suggests �motivators� to come from the experience itself (e.g., entertainment, educational events, socializing), while more peripheral elements like parking, eating, and toilet facilities may constitute �hygiene� factors. A conceptual model and corresponding hypotheses are proposed. The conceptual model is translated into a LISREL model, and the hypotheses are tested using survey data from visitors to a zoo and an aquarium in Denmark. The findings show that negative experiences with hygiene factors have a negative effect on the visitors� perceived quality of the core experience, thereby indirectly creating less satisfied customers with less intention to revisit the attraction or recommend friends and relatives to visit the attraction. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed at the end of the article.

A Typology of Travellers based on their Propensity to go online before, during and after the Trip

This article develops a typology of tourists based on the self-reported importance of Internet access before, during and after their trip. Survey results suggest the prevalence of five distinct tourist segments: Offliners (marginal Internet users), online planners (mainly going online before the trip), online explorers (who access online sources continuously before and during the trip), online keepsakers (who collect information and share before and after the trip), and online equilibrists (active online in all travel phases). Further, results support the importance of the internet in searching for general travel information. A learning curve is evident, as the most experienced travellers are also the most devoted online information searchers. The study implies that future Internet travel applications may more efficient if planned to transcend the borders between promotion, marketing, destination services and loyalty content.

Travel motivations of first-time, repeat, and serial backpackers

This study explores travel motivations of first-time, repeat, and serial backpackers. Data were obtained through an online survey administered to a convenience sample of Danish backpackers. Using explorative factor analysis on 40 motivational variables drawn from the research literature, the study delineated eight push and five pull motivational factors. Among them, Stimulation, Host-site Involvement, and Nature are the three most important motivational factors. Sun and Beach, Gastronomic Experiences, Recognition, and Volunteering are the least rated motivational factors. Additionally, the study detects differences in motivational factors between first-time, repeat, and serial backpacker trips. While first-time and repeat backpackers only differ on self-actualization and gaining recognition, factors which are rated higher among first-time backpackers; serial backpackers rate eight of the thirteen motivational factors lower than first-time backpackers. Thus, the results support a quest for a more detailed classification of backpackers, instead of the traditional first-time versus repeat backpacker distinction. Implications for academics and practitioners as well as suggestions for further research are provided at the end of the article.

A cross-national comparison of Millennial consumers’ initial trust towards an e-travel website

The purpose of this paper is to examine Millennials’ formation of trust towards a travel website and identify the similarities and the differences in trust formation among consumers from two countries – Denmark and Portugal.,The study is based on online surveys conducted with convenience samples from two culturally-distant countries. Independent t-tests, structural equation modelling and multi-group analysis are used to verify the conceptual model and test the hypotheses.,Results support a strong relationship between initial trust towards a travel website and consumers’ behavioural intentions. The results also suggest that cultural differences between countries moderate the formation of initial trust and behavioural reactions hereto.,The study provides new insights into understanding how Millennials from Portugal and Denmark form initial trust towards an e-travel website.

The role of demographics and travel motivation in travellers’ use of the internet before, during, and after a trip

This paper explores travellers’ use of the internet before, during and after a trip. Data for the study were obtained using an internet-based questionnaire completed by members of an online panel of 513 respondents. Differences across socio-demographic characteristics confirm that the young, well-educated and affluent tend to be the first movers in taking advantage of the internet. A factor analysis identified eight motivational factors that are thematically similar to those found in other studies on travel motivation. The results show that the acquisition and sharing of travel information depends upon travel motivations. Travellers motivated by nature- and culture-related factors are characterised by intensive pre- and during-trip research and little information sharing, in contrast to travellers motivated by relaxation or social factors, who do less research but are more likely to share travel information and photos after their trips. The article ends with a discussion of the managerial implications of these findings for tourism service providers and destinations.