Jan Szatyłowicz

Prediction accuracy of selected spatial interpolation methods for soil texture at farm field scale

Abstract Soil texture was examined in four crop fields with areas of 10 to 45 ha located in northern and central Poland. In each field, from 21 to 60 soil samples were collected using stratified sampling. The content (%) of soil particles, i.e., sand, silt and clay, was then evaluated using laboratory methods. The apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) was measured and used as ancillary data for the interpolation of soil texture. The obtained data were used to compare selected spatial interpolation methods according to the accuracy of prediction. The examined methods were evaluated based on the results of cross-validation tests. Two methods of validation were used: leave-one-out cross-validation and validation based on a test set of points, with approximately 30% randomly selected. The smallest root mean square error (RMSE) for the prediction of sand, silt and clay was observed for ordinary cokriging in which ECa was used as a covariate. The other three methods, i.e., inverse distance weighting, radial basis functioning and ordinary kriging, had very similar RMSE values, which were approximately 10% higher compared to ordinary cokriging

Determination of the Most Relevant Soil Properties for the Delineation of Management Zones in Production Fields

The proper delineation of management zones (MZs) is very important in site-specific crop management. The aim of this study was to determine the soil attributes that are most relevant in the delineation process of MZs. Two fields of 22 ha and 45 ha located in northern Poland were examined. The analyses were based on MZs delineated using standardized multiyear yield data and logistic regression, which was applied to select the variables that discriminate the yield-based MZs to the greatest degree. The effects of several variables, including soil chemical and physical properties and topographic attributes, on the discrimination of yield-based MZs were investigated. The sand and organic carbon content in the soil produced the most relevant delineation of MZs. Highly correlated variables should be not included in analyses for MZ delineation because they can strongly affect the results of cluster analyses that are used for the delineation of MZs.

Design and operation of drainage-subirrigation systems in Poland

The different techniques used in the design and operation of drainage-subirrigation systems in low-lying riverine areas in Poland are presented. The required groundwater levels used as designing criteria and the applications of the steady state and unsteady state approach to ditch (drain) spacing design in different soil conditions are discussed. The practical application of groundwater level maintenance using the techniques of controlled drainage, subirrigation with a constant water level, and subirrigation with a regulated water level, are shown for three different field sites.

An impact of drainage system on soil water conditions at Lidzbark Warminski experimental site

The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of a drainage system on soil water conditions in a loam soil compared to that in undrained clay loam soil under various topographic conditions. The soils are located on a sloping area at Lidzbark Warminski experimental site (Poland) with well surface water outflow conditions and used as a pasture. The loam soil was drained with ceramic drainage pipes with an average drain spacing of 14 m and an average drain depth of 0.9 m, while the clay loam soil profile was not drained. The research was conducted during the period from 1999 to 2005. Ground water level as well as soil moisture content were measured monthly for both soil profiles. Meteorological conditions (precipitation and data for calculation of reference evapotranspiration) were also recorded. The results obtained show that in the loam soil (drained site) water level is on average 42 cm higher compared to that in the clay loam soil (not drained site). In both soils the amplitude of the ground water level changes was relatively high and exceeds 300 cm. In the drained loam soil, the water level position exceeded the depth of the drainage system in very wet, wet and average years. Under wet meteorological conditions the increase in ground water levels in the clay loam soil was slower than in the loam soil.

Wetlands in flux: looking for the drivers in a central European case

Planet Earth is undergoing significant changes which are driven by natural and anthropogenic factors. However, it is difficult to identify the drivers and their effect on the environment and ecosystems because there are many interdependencies. In this study we present a multi-parameter approach to assess the effect of changes in human-induced and natural drivers on a wetland ecosystem. The study area is one of the most prominent European wetlands: the Biebrza Basin, located in north-eastern Poland. We analysed long-term (ca. 1960–2000) changes in meteorology, hydrology, soil and vegetation, and also conservation history. This approach enabled us to identify interactions between environmental change and management. We found significant trends (1960–2012) indicating climate change: increases in temperature, evapotranspiration and earlier start of spring floods. We identified (1970–2000) a shift towards drier vegetation types after drainage. However, we also found that restoration measures that were implemented have mitigated climate change effects and have led to increases in soil moisture and wetter vegetation types. We conclude that, if carried out sufficiently frequently, the management measures implemented in the Biebrza Basin, which are a combination of different restoration measures (blocking drainage, not clearing aquatic vegetation, bush removal, mowing), can to some extent mitigate the effects of climate change.

Bilans wodny zielonego dachu na przykładzie obiektu w dzielnicy Ursynów m.st. Warszawy

Pojęcie zielonego dachu defi niowane jest jako otwarta, porośnięta roślinnością powierzchnia, oddzielona od powierzchni gruntu poprzez budowlę bądź inną konstrukcję inżynieryjną. Zielone dachy mogą być konstruowane pod powierzchnią terenu, na jego poziomie lub ponad nim (Rabiński i in., 2013). Mogą to być konstrukcje wielowarstwowe, a każda z warstw pełni ważną funkcję w całej strukturze. Pierwszą (najniżej położoną) warstwę stanowi hydroizolacja. Na niej położona jest warstwa drenażowa, której zadaniem jest odprowadzenie nadmiaru wody do systemu kanalizacji deszczowej. Nad nią znajduje się warstwa fi ltracyjna chroniąca warstwy znajdujące się poniżej przed przedostawaniem się drobnych frakcji z podłoża pod rośliny (substratu) wraz z wodą opadową. Ostatnią (górną) warstwą jest substrat, którą porasta roślinność (Burszta-Adamiak i in., 2014). Zielone dachy na obszarach zurbanizowanych mają wiele zalet, z których warto wymienić ich pozytywny wpływ na ukształtowanie środowiska przyrodniczego poprzez np. redukcję zanieczyszczeń powietrza. W pewnym stopniu przyczyniają się one również do zwiększania liczebności i różnorodności gatunków roślin oraz stwarzają warunki do zwiększania populacji różnych gatunków owadów i ptaków (Małuszyńska i in., 2014). Z hydrologicznego punktu widzenia powierzchnie nieprzepuszczalne są poważnym problemem na obszarach zurbanizowanych. Wody opadowe zamiast infi ltrować Przegląd Naukowy – Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska (2017), 26 (1), 66–74 Prz. Nauk. Inż. Kszt. Środ. (2017), 26 (1) Scientifi c Review – Engineering and Environmental Sciences (2017), 26 (1), 66–74 Sci. Rev. Eng. Env. Sci. (2017), 26 (1) http://iks.pn.sggw.pl DOI 10.22630/PNIKS.2017.26.1.06