Jane L. Swanson

A clarification of Holland's construct of differentiation: The importance of score elevation☆

Abstract In J. L. Hollands (1985, Making Vocational Choices (2nd ed.), Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall) theory of vocational choice, the construct of differentiation refers to the degree to which an individuals interests are clearly defined and is operationalized in the present study as the numerical difference between an individuals highest and lowest scores on the General Occupational Theme scales (GOT) of the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) (D. P. Campbell and J. C. Hansen, Manual for SVIB-SCII (3rd ed.), Palo Alto, CA: Stanford Univ. Press). Techniques for measuring differentiation do not account for the elevation of an interest profile; thus, subjects with strong interests (all high scores) are treated as equivalent to subjects with weak interests (all low scores). The present study examined the custom of treating all undifferentiated subjects as if they were equal, by dividing subjects into High-Score Undifferentiated (HSU) and Low-Score Undifferentiated (LSU) groups, based on the elevation of the highest GOT score. Compared to the LSU subjects, HSU subjects (a) were more likely to have SCII profiles which were internally consistent, (b) had a higher mean cumulative grade point average, (c) had a higher mean Academic Comfort score, and (d) were more likely to persist in college. These results suggest that accounting for score elevation does reveal differences between HSU and LSU subjects and that future studies should not treat undifferentiated subjects as a homogeneous group.

Severe Delayed Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction Complicating an ABO‐Incompatible Bone Marrow Transplantation

Abstract. A 26‐year‐old, blood group O bone marrow transplant recipient experienced a severe, delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction 6 days following transplantation of marrow from his HLA‐mixed lymphocyte culture ‐ identical, blood group AB sister. The patients pretransplant serum contained both anti‐A (IgG titer = 1:128; IgM = 1:32) and anti‐B (IgG = 1:16; IgM = 1:64) which was reduced by a two‐plasma volume plasma exchange followed by transfusion of four units of incompatible, donor type red cells. The patient experienced no immediate adverse reaction. On the 6th posttransplant day, he became acutely dyspneic. His hematocrit dropped to 18%; the direct antiglobulin test was positive for IgG and complement; anti‐A and anti‐B were eluted from his red cells. His peripheral blood smear demonstrated extensive agglutination resembling a mixed field reaction. This case demonstrates that significant morbidity may be associated with major ABO‐incompatible bone marrow transplantation, that the transfusion of incompatible red cells should be undertaken with extreme caution, and that efforts should be continued to develop methods of pretransplant in vitro red cell removal from the infused bone marrow.

Detection of Cytotoxic Non‐HL‐A Antisera

Abstract. A lymphocytotoxic serum with unknown non‐HL‐A specificity was shown to detect Lea antigen on the lymphocytes of Le(a+) individuals. Hemagglutinating anti‐Lea was present as well. The reactions of both antibodies were in complete agreement when tested against the red cells and lymphocytes of random donors and in family analyses. Lymphocytotoxic antibodies of Lea specificity were observed in five of six samples of anti‐Lea sera, but three anti‐Leb failed to demonstrate cytotoxic activity. The optimal thermal activity for anti‐Lea cytotoxins was 22°C as compared to two examples of cold cytotoxins reactive at 15°C. The possible presence of cytotoxic Lewis antibodies in HL‐A typing sera should be considered, particularly when a 22°C phase is empoyed in the technique.

Anti‐C4 in the Serum of a Transfused C4‐Deficient Patient with Systemic Lupus erythematosus

A C4‐deficient patient with systemic lupus erythematosus had been transfused on several occasions. His red cells reacted with a proportion of anti‐Rg (Rodgers) and anti‐Ch (Chido) reagents, but this was due to a separable antibody that did not have anti‐Rg or anti‐Ch specificity. Eluates of anti‐Rg and anti‐Ch indicate his red cell phenotype to be Rg–Ch–. Anti‐C4 has been identified in his serum that exhibits neither anti‐Rg nor anti‐Ch specificity, but has similar serological characteristics in reacting with C4‐ and C4d‐coated red cells.

The relationship of the construct of academic comfort to educational level, performance, aspirations, and prediction of college major choices

Abstract The Academic Comfort (AC) Scale of the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) underwent its second name change within 16 years on the latest revision of the SCII ( D. P. Campbell & J. C. Hansen, 1981 , Manual for the SVIB-SCII (3rd ed.), Palo Alto, CA: Stanford Univ. Press). The purposes of this study were (a) to further define the construct of “academic comfort” by investigating criteria associated with the scale throughout its development and (b) to investigate Academic Comfort as a moderator variable of predictive validity of the SCII. Data were obtained from two sources: the occupational criterion samples from the 1981 revision of the SCII, and a 3 1 2 - year longitudinal study of liberal arts students. Results indicated that the AC scale is moderately correlated with grade point average and strongly related to attained educational level; that AC scores are positively related to educational goals and graduate school plans; and that the SCII is substantially more predictive of college majors for those students with high AC scores than it is for those students with low AC scores.

No Evidence for Linkage Between Diabetes and the Kidd Marker

We have studied linkage analysis between the Kidd (Jk) red blood cell marker locus and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDD) in an attempt to confirm the preliminary report of Hodge et al. One hundred thirtytwo families with one IDD proband (67 simplex and 65 multiplex families) were analyzed using the LIPED computer program and assuming three genetic models (autosomal recessive, additive, and dominant) with parameters similar to those used by Hodge et al. The lod scores at zero recombination were −18.51, −11.62, and −6.03 for the recessive, additive, and dominant models, respectively. These results constitute significant evidence against tight linkage between Kidd and IDD, while providing no evidence for looser linkage, and are in contrast with the positive lod scores found by Hodge et al. in a different population.

Transient LW‐Negative Red Blood Cells and Anti‐LW in a Patient with Hodgkin's Disease

Abstract. LW‐negative (LW4) red blood cells and anti‐LW antibody were discovered in the blood of a 50‐year‐old white male with Hodgkins disease and blood type O. Compatible red blood cells for transfusion could not be obtained because available LW‐negative cells were either type A, LW4, or type O, LW3. Following cytotoxic therapy for his basic disease, the anti‐LW disappeared and his red blood cells developed normal reactions with anti‐LW sera.

Evidence for Heterogeneity of LW Antigen Revealed in a Family Study

An inbred family (Wald.) with three apparently LW negative members in two generations is described in this report. Studies of the red blood cells of these LW negative family members with a variety of anti‐LW reagents establishes that the VW‐Wald. category is a weak LW variant. Wald. red blood cells react weakly with the anti‐LW of Bige., but are negative with that of VW. An analogy may be made between the LW, ABO, and P systems. LW negative (lwlw) of the Bige. type corresponds to group O or pp. Weak LW positive or VW‐Wald. type corresponds to A2 and P2. Normal LW positive corresponds to A1 and P1. The antibody made by lwlw individuals may be comparable to the anti A + A1 of group O and anti P + P1 of pp. The antibody made by weak LW positive or VW type may be comparable to the anti A1 of A2 and anti P1 of P2 individuals. It is suggested that donors and patients now classified as LW negative be characterized as Bige. or VW types until more precise nomenclature is defined.

Monoclonal Antibody Recognizing a Unique Rh‐Related Specificity

A mouse IgG1 monoclonal antibody (MAb) UMRh, was prepared by immunizing Balb/c mice with the Jurkat T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T‐ALL) cell line. The MAb UMRh is directed against a widely distributed Rh‐related cell surface antigen, present on red blood cells (RBCs) expressing the more common Rh phenotypes. The antigen has reduced expression on RBCs of‐D‐, DCW‐/DCW‐, Rhmod and Rhnull phenotypes. UMRh immunoblotted a unique pattern on RBC membrane preparations of two bands at 40 and 43 kD and a diffuse pattern extending upward to about 55 kD. The UMRh antigen is also present on peripheral blood mononuclear cells, granulocytes, platelets. leukemic cells of T cell, B cell and myeloid origins, hematopoietic stem cells, and two tumor lines (lung and colon carcinoma). The number of UMRh sites per RBC (CDe/ce) was determined to be 5,519 copies/cell, whereas the sites on a ‐D‐ phenotype RBC were 1,096 copies/cell. A T‐ALL line (CEM) expressed 333,364 copies/cell and a myeloid line (KG‐1) expressed 90,913 copies/cell. Several Rh‐related murine MAbs have been described, but our data indicates that UMRh recognizes a previously uncharacterized Rh‐related specificity.

Porcine red blood cells express a polyagglutinable red blood cell phenotype

The shortage of human blood and organs has led to increased interest in animal substitutes. In both transplantation and transfusion, the greatest roadblock to the use of animal tissues is the expression of xenoantigens. A major xenoantigen in pigs is linear B (Gal α 1-3Gal β 14GlcNAc-R), a cross-reactive, B-like antigen expressed on red blood cells (RBCs) and other tissues that is recognized by naturally occurring antibodies present in human serum. 1,2