Janice Fanning Madden

Residential segregation and the economic status of black workers: New evidence for an old debate

Abstract Scholars have long debated whether ghetto residence lowers the earnings of blacks. Most empirical studies on this question have been flawed because they have not considered the simultaneous effects of choices of work and residence locations and the effects of intrametropolitan variation in rents and wages. This paper estimates a revealed preference model of intraurban location with data from the 1980 Public Use Microdata Sample for Cleveland, Detroit, and Philadelphia to test whether black male household heads who are employed full-time year-round are less likely than whites to live and work at their best locations. We measure the wages, rents, and commuting costs associated with each possible job/residence location combination in these cities for each person, given their job qualifications and their housing needs. A revealed preference approach is used to evaluate the economic welfare of individuals at each possible location and then compare the actual distribution of work and residence locations by race with the welfare-maximizing distribution. The divergence in these distributions by race measures the economic effects for employed black male household heads of residential segregation in ghettos. We find that the economic status of blacks can be improved significantly by changing their intrametropolitan job locations. Surprisingly, this conclusion holds regardless of whether or not blacks keep their current residential locations. While changes in residential locations can improve the economic status of blacks relative to whites by decreasing commuting and/or the cost of housing, such residential changes do not significantly alter the physical accessibility of better paying jobs.

Differences in the Success of NFL Coaches by Race, 1990-2002 Evidence of Last Hire, First Fire

Although there have been numerous analyses of racial discrimination in professional sports, none have analyzed football coaching. Analyses of the regular season win records, and of making the playoffs, for National Football League (NFL) teams coached by both African Americans and Whites between 1990 and 2002 show that African American coaches were more successful. The analyses make racial comparisons for overall season records, records in the first year, and records in the year of an involuntary departure for the coach. There is evidence that teams that hire African American coaches are better than those that hire White coaches. Analyses that consider team quality effects also find significantly better performance by African Americans. African American coaches have been insignificantly less successful in the playoffs, however. Overall, the results are consistent with African American coaches being held to higher standards to get their jobs in the NFL.

Changes in the Distribution of Poverty across and within the US Metropolitan Areas, 1979-89

Between 1980 and 1990, urban and suburban poverty rates grew further apart within US metropolitan areas and at an accelerating rate for those cities with the greatest concentrations of metropolitan poverty. This study measures the effects of changes in social, demographic, economic and structural characteristics of metropolitan areas on the changes in metropolitan poverty rates and in the spatial concentration of that poverty in their central cities.

Performance-Support Bias and the Gender Pay Gap among Stockbrokers:

This article analyzes organizational mechanisms, and their contexts, leading to gender inequality among stockbrokers in two large brokerages. Inequality is the result of gender differences in sales, as both firms use performance-based pay, paying entirely by commissions. This article develops and tests whether performance-support bias, whereby women receive inferior sales support and sales assignments, causes the commissions gap. Newly available data on the brokerages’ internal transfers of accounts among brokers allows measurement of performance-support bias. Gender differences in the quality and quantity of transferred accounts provide a way to measure gender differences in the assignment of sales opportunities and support. Sales generated from internally transferred accounts, controlling for the accounts’ sales histories, provide a “natural experiment” testing for gender differences in sales capacities. The evidence for performance-support bias is (1) women are assigned inferior accounts and (2) women produce sales equivalent to men when given accounts with equivalent prior sales histories.

Has the NFL’s Rooney Rule Efforts “Leveled the Field” for African American Head Coach Candidates?

Madden provides evidence that African American head coaches in the National Football League (NFL) significantly outperformed whites between 1990 and 2002. She concludes that this evidence is consistent with African Americans being required to be better to be hired as head coaches. In 2002, the NFL promulgated the Rooney Rule requiring that NFL teams make various affirmative efforts when hiring coaches. This article finds that the performance advantage of African American head coaches has been eliminated since the Rooney Rule but finds no similar time trends in racial differentials in performance for other NFL coaching positions.

Changing Racial and Poverty Segregation in Large US Metropolitan Areas, 1970-2009

As African Americans are poorer than non-African Americans, increasing racial integration might lead to increasing poverty integration. Alternatively, if racial segregation pushed higher- and lower-income African Americans to reside together, increasing racial integration may lead higher-income African Americans to sort into higher-income non-African American neighborhoods, decreasing poverty integration. Using consistently bounded census tract data for thirty-six large metropolitan areas (MAs) from 1970 to 2009, a fixed effect model measures the relationship of a census tract’s end of the decade proportions of the metropolitan population by race and poverty status group between 1980 and 2009 to the proportions of each race and poverty group resident in a census tract at the start of the decade. The article finds that racial integration occurs mostly within own poverty groups and poverty integration occurs mostly within own racial groups, making these integration processes largely independent. Poverty and racial segregation were slightly decreased, however, because the nonpoor racially integrated with the poor in a manner consistent with gentrification and status caste exchange theory.

Reply to: Differences in the Success of NFL Coaches by Race A Different Perspective

Malone, Couch, and Barrett argue that a broader analysis of fired coaches, including adding in partial season fires, considering a wider range of causes of firing, and analyzing rehiring makes the results reported by Madden ‘‘disappear.’’ We show that Malone et al. have analyzed inaccurate data. When the data used by Malone et al. are corrected and their speculations tested empirically, Madden’s conclusion that analyses of all employment decisions involving head coaches between 1990 and 2002 are consistent with discrimination against African Americans is supported.

Gayborhoods: Economic Development and the Concentration of Same-Sex Couples in Neighborhoods Within Large American Cities

This paper uses census tract data from the 2000 and 2010 U.S. Censuses and the 2005–2009 American Community Survey to examine the locations of gay male and lesbian partnerships in 38 large U.S. cities. Gay men and lesbians are less segregated than African Americans and lesbians are less spatially concentrated than gay men. There is little evidence to support the common assertion that gays concentrate in more racially and ethnically diverse neighborhoods. We find evidence supporting the popular notion that concentrations of gay men lead to more rapid development of central city neighborhoods. Census tracts that start the decade with more gay men experience significantly greater growth in household incomes (and, therefore, presumably housing prices) and greater population growth over the next decade than those census tracts with fewer gay men. Census tracts with more lesbians at the start of the decade see no difference in population or income growth.

Foreign-born population concentration and neighbourhood growth and development within US metropolitan areas:

Immigrant populations are a major driver of growth in many US metropolitan areas, and considerable research has focused on the effects of immigrant populations on neighbourhood outcomes. However, much of this research is based on data from 1990 or earlier, prior to substantial growth in the diversity of the immigrant population and to changes in immigrants’ US settlement patterns. This research uses tract-level data from the 2000 Decennial Census and the 2009–2013 American Community Survey to explore the relationship between an existing immigrant population and future changes in neighbourhood characteristics within the 100 largest US metropolitan areas. Spatial regression models are used to identify the neighbourhood features that predict future proportional growth in a neighbourhood’s foreign-born population. In addition, the associations between a neighbourhood’s initial foreign-born concentration and future neighbourhood relative income and population growth are investigated. Consistent with previous work, our results indicate that foreign-born populations of all races tend to move towards existing immigrant population clusters. All of the immigrant minority racial groups are also attracted to neighbourhoods with existing same-race US-born populations. Overall proportional population growth is positively associated with the initial presence of the white and Asian immigrant population; black and Hispanic immigrant concentrations are associated with proportional population loss. While immigrants do not contribute to neighbourhood relative income growth, a greater presence of immigrants – relative to their US-born co-racial group – is associated with lower rates of neighbourhood relative income decline.

The Face of Discrimination: How Race and Gender Impact Work and Home Lives By Vincent J. Roscigno Rowman & Littlefield, 2007. 242 pages.

Despite this minor criticism, Dillon and Wink provide us with essential research for sociologists of religion as well as a compelling account for those outside the discipline that want to understand how religion fits into the shifting roles and cultural understandings associated with age and historical change. The authors convincingly demonstrate that, although religious belief and practice may be relatively stable in adulthood, it is not static. As panel data continues to proliferate in the coming decades, this volume will undoubtedly be a key reference point as we seek to understand the socially-patterned religious lives of Americans.