Janusz Kudła

The Impact of Fiscal Factors on The Time Spent With Children: a Model Analysis

Fiscal incentives affect not only fertility, but also the amount of time spent by parents with adolescent children (so called attention). As a consequence the latter can have an indirect impact on the accumulation of human capital in society. Therefore in the paper we apply an economic model of “myopic” parents to analyze the impact of fiscal parameters on time spent for growing up children. The conclusions are based on the simulation in comparative statics calibrated to the actual data. The result indicates that the reaction of families with two children on the children subsidy differs to the reaction of families having only one child. It indicates that some fiscal instruments are vulnerable to the number of children in families, hindering the objectives of social policy focused on human capital accumulation. The fiscal instruments increasing affluence of families stimulate the amount of time spent with children.

Analiza modelowa wpływu narzędzi fiskalnych na czas poświęcany dzieciom

Fiscal incentives affect not only fertility, but also the amount of time spent by parents with adolescent children (so called attention). As a consequence the latter can have an indirect impact on the accumulation of human capital in society. Therefore in the paper we apply an economic model of “myopic” parents to analyze the impact of fiscal parameters on time spent for growing up children. The conclusions are based on the simulation in comparative statics calibrated to the actual data. The result indicates that the reaction of families with two children on the children subsidy differs to the reaction of families having only one child. It indicates that some fiscal instruments are vulnerable to the number of children in families, hindering the objectives of social policy focused on human capital accumulation. The fiscal instruments increasing affluence of families stimulate the amount of time spent with children.

Spillover Effects of Taxes on Government Debt: Spatial Panel Approach

It is claimed that tax policy is neither time- nor space-independent due to cross-border tax base mobility that induces spillovers. In other words, fiscal shocks in one country are supposed to have impact on fiscal policies in other countries. This paper verifies this question in two ways. Firstly, a theoretical model is introduced to analyze effects of tax rates adjustment on government debt. Secondly, an empirical spatial econometric study is performed to evaluate impact of capital, labour and consumption taxes on public debt in 34 European countries in 2002-2011. We found strong spatial spillovers. Our results show the consumption tax rate and, to a lesser degree, the capital tax rate significantly affect the sovereign debt, and that the global relations play a leading role (i.e. dominate the local ones) in shaping fiscal policy.

Optimal Fiscal Policy in an Open Economy with Capital Income Shifting and Consumer Cross-Border Purchases

The paper presents a fiscal policy model integrating tax avoidance, the complexity of tax systems and the fiscal solvency hypothesis within the traditional framework of tax competition. Furthermore, we take into account: taxation of consumption, possibility of capital income shifting and foreign goods purchases (untaxed in the destination country). We conclude that if fiscal policy is by no means unfettered the equilibrium can be allocation efficient, provided that the marginal rate of substitution between private and public goods is one. The changes in public debt affect tax rates in equilibrium differently: positively for the consumption tax rate and negatively for the labor tax rate. The change of the capital tax depends on the level of economic internalization. This approach is especially useful during a solvency crisis and can be applied to predict tax rates’ adjustment when the bonds issuance decreases or public debt accelerates.

The Impact of Funding on the Quality of Public Higher Education in Poland

This article addresses the issue of public higher education institutions funding and its relation to the quality of teaching and academic research in Poland. In order to check whether the acquisition of more financial resources is positively correlated with quality, the paper takes financial data from university reports and juxtaposes them with, 1) their evaluation scores of universities given to them by the Polish Accreditation Committee, 2) research category grades given to Polish universities by the Polish Committee for Evaluation of Scientific Units, and 3) the individual positions of universities in world quality rankings. The paper applies also the Data Envelopment Analysis’ scores and it is one of the first studies implementing this type of analysis to HEIs in Poland, and the only one with variables reflecting data of teaching quality and research activity. Through the analysis we find that HEIs with higher average teaching quality simultaneously have higher average scientific categories. There is also a substantial relationship between the revenue per student and revenue per teacher and variables describing quality. Lastly, we find that universities with greater teaching quality measures are more financially efficient, while better scientific position of universities coincides with a deterioration of financial efficiency.

Dynamic Model of Fiscal Solvency: Comparative Dynamic Analysis

Tax revenues and the issuance of debt are interdependent because governments are afraid of becoming insolvent. Therefore the long-term tax policy involving: adjustment of capital taxation, taxation of explicit consumption and the issuance of bonds ensures solvency and hampers capital tax competition. Applying long-term dynamic model of capital and consumption taxation, the revenue maximizing government can obtain the equilibrium with reasonable tax rates. The equilibrium solution fulfills simple solvency constraint imposed on bonds issuance and takes into account the possibility of capital income shifting and the limited taxation of consumption. The two tax rates, the levels of capital and consumption are driven by: capital income shifting parameter, explicit consumption and the intertemporal preferences. The interdependences in equilibrium between variables and selected parameters are provided with numerical simulation, as well as the behavior of variables in time after the changes of equilibrium parameters. The solution predicts positive level of bonds in long-term equilibrium and taxation rates positively dependent on the abundance of tax bases. The latter are strongly affected by the value of income shifting parameter and explicit consumption parameter.