Jari Lindblad

Influence of felling season, drying method and within-tree location on the brinell hardness and equilibrium moisture content of wood from 27–35-year-old Betula pendula

The Brinell hardness and equilibrium moisture content (EMC) were measured from thinning-aged silver birch wood. Wood material both from the trees harvested in the first commercial thinning and from trees remaining on site after the thinning was included. The average Brinell hardness was 19.40 MPa. It correlated significantly with the basic density of wood. With respect to the distance from the pith, the Brinell hardness of air-dried wood was higher than that of artificially dried wood. The average EMC of the conditioned (20°C, 65% relative humidity) wood was 12.0%. The EMC of the wood also varied, with the EMC being higher for air-dried wood than for kiln-dried wood. EMC was the highest at a distance of 30–40 mm from the pith, decreasing towards both pith and log surface. Seasonal variation in both the Brinell hardness and the EMC of the wood was found. It was presumed to be a consequence of season-dependent physiological changes in trees.

Weather based moisture content modelling of harvesting residues in the stand

Harvesting residues collected from the final cuttings of boreal forests are an important source of solid biofuel for energy production in Finland and Sweden. In the Finnish supply chain, the measurement of residues is performed by scales integrated in forwarders. The mass of residues is converted to volume by conversion factors. In this study, weather based models for defining the moisture content of residues were developed and validated. Models were also compared with the currently used fixed tables of conversion factors. The change of the moisture content of residues is complex, and an exact estimation was challenging. However, the model predicting moisture change for three hour periods was found to be the most accurate. The main improvement compared to fixed tables was the lack of a systematic error. It can be assumed that weather based models will give more reliable estimates for the moisture in varying climate conditions and the further development of models should be focused on obtaining more appropriate data from varying drying conditions in different geographical and microclimatological locations.

Hakkuukonemittauksen tyvifunktio männyn tyviosan tilavuuden määrityksessä

Tiivistelmä Hakkuukonemittauksessa tyvipölkkyjen tyviosan läpimitat määritetään laskennallisesti puulajikohtaisilla tyvifunktioilla. Tyviosalla tarkoitetaan 1,3 metrin pituista rungonosaa kaatosahauksesta lähtien. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tarkastaa ja tarvittaessa korjata hakkuukonemittauksessa käytettävä männyn tyvifunktio. Tutkimukseen valittiin 33 eri puolella Suomea sijaitsevaa mäntymetsikköä, joista valittiin 825 koepuuta. Koepuiden mittauksia tehtiin metsässä, ja hakkuiden jälkeen koepuiden tyvipölkyille tehtiin mittauksia kuudella eri tehtaalla. Koetyvipölkkyjen tyviosien vertailutilavuudet määritettiin upotusmittauksella. Tyvifunktioissa tyviosan suhteellinen muoto muuttuu tyvipölkyn järeyden, siis 130 senttimetrin etäisyydeltä kaatosahauksesta mitatun läpimitan, mukaan. Tässä tutkimuksessa tyvifunktio tuotti pienillä puilla suurempia, ja suurilla puilla pienempiä läpimittoja koepuiden tyviosista saksimittauksella mitattuihin läpimittoihin verrattuna. Koetyvipölkkyaineistossa tyviosan suhteellinen muoto ei muuttunut pölkkyjen järeyden mukaan, vaan oli likimäärin vakio. Tyvifunktion korjaus muodostui kahdesta vaiheesta, niin sanotuista oikaisukorjauksesta ja tasokorjauksesta. Tyvifunktion oikaisukorjaus tehtiin koepuiden tyviosista saksimittauksella mitattujen läpimitta-aineistojen perusteella. Näin korjatun tyvifunktion perusteella määritetyt koetyvipölkkyjen tyviosan tilavuudet olivat noin viisi prosenttia tyviosien upotustilavuuksia suurempia kaikilla järeyksillä. Edelleen tyvifunktiolle tehtiin tasokorjaus siten, että tyvifunktion perusteella määritetyt tyviosan tilavuudet vastasivat upotustilavuutta. Tyvifunktion korjauksen vaikutus sillä määritettyyn tyviosan tilavuuteen oli pienillä noin 50 litran rungoilla (rinnankorkeusläpimitta noin 10 senttimetriä) noin –8,5 prosenttia ja suurilla noin 1750 litran rungoilla (rinnankorkeusläpimitta noin 45 senttimetriä) noin –2,9 prosenttia. Kun tyvifunktion korjaus suhteutetaan koko rungon tilavuuksiin, olivat vastaavat osuudet noin –2,3 ja –0,4 prosenttia. Kun korjaus suhteutetaan Suomen kokonaishakkuukertymäarvioissa esitettyihin järeysluokkien osuuksiin, on kokonaisvaikutus suuntaa-antavasti noin yhden prosentin vähennys männyn kokonaistilavuudessa.

Combined production of sawn timber and firewood billets at a birch sawmill in Finland: a simulation approach.

Abstract Growing markets for chopped firewood have created alternative uses for the by-products of sawmills. Based on empirical data and simulated results, the potential of birch (Betula pendula Roth, Betula pubescens Ehrh.) from commercial thinnings for combined industrial production of sawn timber and firewood billets was investigated. In the simulations, different sawing patterns were used for logs intended to combine production of sawn timber and billets for chopped firewood (‘sawlogs’), and for logs intended only to firewood production (‘firewood logs’). Finally, economical feasibility analysis was done concerning the differences between the sawmills’ traditional business concept and the novel concept combining sawn wood and firewood production. The bucking results for the volume yield of different timber assortments varied only slightly between the different bucking options, i.e. the combinations of timber assortments. The main differences in the volumes of timber assortments were due to the stand type where the birch trees were sampled (planted, naturally regenerated, mixed birch–spruce). In the sawing procedure, the output of sawn timber varied between 24% and 42% of the log volume in the sawlogs, depending on the log diameter class. As the volume yield of sawn timber and firewood billets was counted together in the case of sawlogs, the log consumption was c. 1.75 m3 of roundwood per 1 m3 of sawn timber and firewood billets. In the case of the firewood logs, the log consumption rate was considerably lower, only c. 1.35. The economic calculations showed that using the firewood approach in sawing may increase the net added value of products by €1.9–5.4 m−3 of logs, depending on their diameter class. As a conclusion, parallel production of sawn timber and firewood from logs from the first and second commercial thinning of birch-dominated stands is a concept that could work as an alliance between a sawmiller and a firewood entrepreneur. The concept could be competitive compared with both traditional sawmilling and production of chopped firewood.