Jascindra Ravi

Nanoscale imaging reveals laterally expanding antimicrobial pores in lipid bilayers

Antimicrobial peptides are postulated to disrupt microbial phospholipid membranes. The prevailing molecular model is based on the formation of stable or transient pores although the direct observation of the fundamental processes is lacking. By combining rational peptide design with topographical (atomic force microscopy) and chemical (nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry) imaging on the same samples, we show that pores formed by antimicrobial peptides in supported lipid bilayers are not necessarily limited to a particular diameter, nor they are transient, but can expand laterally at the nano-to-micrometer scale to the point of complete membrane disintegration. The results offer a mechanistic basis for membrane poration as a generic physicochemical process of cooperative and continuous peptide recruitment in the available phospholipid matrix.

Differentially Instructive Extracellular Protein Micro-nets

An ability to construct biological matter from the molecule up holds promise for applications ranging from smart materials to integrated biophysical models for synthetic biology. Biomolecular self-assembly is an efficient strategy for biomaterial construction which can be programmed to support desired function. A challenge remains in replicating the strategy synthetically, that is at will, and differentially, that is for a specific function at a given length scale. Here we introduce a self-assembly topology enabling a net-like architectural mimetic of native extracellular matrices capable of differential responses to cell adhesion--enhanced mammalian cell attachment and proliferation, and enhanced resistance to bacterial colonization--at the native sub-millimeter length scales. The biological performance of such protein micro-nets directly correlates with their morphological and chemical properties, offering thus an application model for differential extracellular matrices.

A De Novo Virus-Like Topology for Synthetic Virions

A de novo topology of virus-like assembly is reported. The design is a trifaceted coiled-coil peptide helix, which self-assembles into ultrasmall, monodisperse, anionic virus-like shells that encapsulate and transfer both RNA and DNA into human cells. Unlike existing artificial systems, these shells share the same physical characteristics of viruses being anionic, nonaggregating, abundant, hollow, and uniform in size, while effectively mediating gene silencing and transgene expression. These are the smallest virus-like structures reported to date, both synthetic and native, with the ability to adapt and transfer small and large nucleic acids. The design thus offers a promising solution for engineering bespoke artificial viruses with desired functions.

Anti-antimicrobial Peptides FOLDING-MEDIATED HOST DEFENSE ANTAGONISTS

Background: Direct antagonists of native antimicrobial peptide (AMP) sequences are unknown. Results: Complementary antagonistic sequences can co-fold with AMPs into functionally inert assemblies. Conclusion: Antagonists act as anti-AMPs. Significance: The findings offer a molecular rationale for anti-AMP responses with potential implications for antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial or host defense peptides are innate immune regulators found in all multicellular organisms. Many of them fold into membrane-bound α-helices and function by causing cell wall disruption in microorganisms. Herein we probe the possibility and functional implications of antimicrobial antagonism mediated by complementary coiled-coil interactions between antimicrobial peptides and de novo designed antagonists: anti-antimicrobial peptides. Using sequences from native helical families such as cathelicidins, cecropins, and magainins we demonstrate that designed antagonists can co-fold with antimicrobial peptides into functionally inert helical oligomers. The properties and function of the resulting assemblies were studied in solution, membrane environments, and in bacterial culture by a combination of chiroptical and solid-state NMR spectroscopies, microscopy, bioassays, and molecular dynamics simulations. The findings offer a molecular rationale for anti-antimicrobial responses with potential implications for antimicrobial resistance.

Role of liposome and peptide in the synergistic enhancement of transfection with a lipopolyplex vector

Lipopolyplexes are of widespread interest for gene therapy due to their multifunctionality and high transfection efficiencies. Here we compared the biological and biophysical properties of a lipopolyplex formulation with its lipoplex and polyplex equivalents to assess the role of the lipid and peptide components in the formation and function of the lipopolyplex formulation. We show that peptide efficiently packaged plasmid DNA forming spherical, highly cationic nanocomplexes that are taken up efficiently by cells. However, transgene expression was poor, most likely due to endosomal degradation since the polyplex lacks membrane trafficking properties. In addition the strong peptide-DNA interaction may prevent plasmid release from the complex and so limit plasmid DNA availability. Lipid/DNA lipoplexes, on the other hand, produced aggregated masses that showed poorer cellular uptake than the polyplex but contrastingly greater levels of transgene expression. This may be due to the greater ability of lipoplexes relative to polyplexes to promote endosomal escape. Lipopolyplex formulations formed spherical, cationic nanocomplexes with efficient cellular uptake and significantly enhanced transfection efficiency. The lipopolyplexes combined the optimal features of lipoplexes and polyplexes showing optimal cell uptake, endosomal escape and availability of plasmid for transcription, thus explaining the synergistic increase in transfection efficiency.

Anti-antimicrobial Peptides

Background: Direct antagonists of native antimicrobial peptide (AMP) sequences are unknown. Results: Complementary antagonistic sequences can co-fold with AMPs into functionally inert assemblies. Conclusion: Antagonists act as anti-AMPs. Significance: The findings offer a molecular rationale for anti-AMP responses with potential implications for antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial or host defense peptides are innate immune regulators found in all multicellular organisms. Many of them fold into membrane-bound α-helices and function by causing cell wall disruption in microorganisms. Herein we probe the possibility and functional implications of antimicrobial antagonism mediated by complementary coiled-coil interactions between antimicrobial peptides and de novo designed antagonists: anti-antimicrobial peptides. Using sequences from native helical families such as cathelicidins, cecropins, and magainins we demonstrate that designed antagonists can co-fold with antimicrobial peptides into functionally inert helical oligomers. The properties and function of the resulting assemblies were studied in solution, membrane environments, and in bacterial culture by a combination of chiroptical and solid-state NMR spectroscopies, microscopy, bioassays, and molecular dynamics simulations. The findings offer a molecular rationale for anti-antimicrobial responses with potential implications for antimicrobial resistance.

A new reference material for UV-visible circular dichroism spectroscopy

To obtain accurate and consistent measurements from circular dichroism (CD) instruments over time and from different laboratories, it is important that they are properly calibrated. The characteristics of the available reference materials are not ideal to ensure proper calibration as they typically only give peaks in one or two spectral regions, and often have issues concerning purity and stability. Currently either camphor sulfonic acid or ammonium camphor sulfonate are used. The latter can be an unstable, slightly hygroscopic secondary standard compound with only one characterized CD band. The former is the very hygroscopic primary standard for which only one enantiomer is readily available. We have synthesized a new reference material for CD, Na[Co(EDDS)].H(2)O (EDDS = N,N-ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid) which addresses these problems. It is extremely stable and available in both enantiomeric forms. The CD spectrum of Na[Co(EDDS)].H(2)O has nine distinct peaks between 180 and 599 nm. It thus fulfils the principal requirements for CD calibration chemical standards and has the potential to be used to ensure good practice in the measurement of CD data, providing two spectra of equal magnitude and opposite sign for a given concentration and path length. We have carried out an interlaboratory comparison using this material and show how it can be used to improve CD comparability between laboratories. A fitting algorithm has been developed to assess CD spectropolarimeter performance between 750 and 178 nm. This could be the basis of a formal quality control process once criteria for performance have been decided.

International comparability in spectroscopic measurements of protein structure by circular dichroism: CCQM-P59.1

Circular dichroism (CD) is a spectroscopic technique that is widely used to obtain information about protein structure, and hence is an important tool with many applications, including the characterization of biopharmaceuticals. A previous inter-laboratory study, CCQM-P59, showed that there was a poor level of comparability between laboratories in CD spectroscopy. In a follow-up study reported here, we achieved our goal of demonstrating improved comparability and data quality, primarily by addressing the problems identified in the previous study, which included cell path-length measurement, instrument calibration and good practice in general. Multivariate analysis techniques (principal component analysis and soft independent modelling of class analogies) were shown to be useful in comparing large spectral data sets and in classifying spectra. However, our results also show that there is more work to be done to improve confidence in the technique as the discrepancies observed were partially due to systematic effects, which the statistical approaches do not consider. We therefore conclude that there is a need for an improved understanding of the uncertainties in CD measurement.

Uncertainty in measurement of protein circular dichroism spectra

Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy of proteins is widely used to measure protein secondary structure, and to detect changes in secondary and higher orders of structure, for applications in research and in the quality control of protein products such as biopharmaceuticals. However, objective comparison of spectra is challenging because of a limited quantitative understanding of the sources of error in the measurement. Statistical methods can be used for comparisons, but do not provide a mechanism for dealing with systematic, as well as random, errors. Here we present a measurement model for CD spectroscopy of proteins, incorporating the principal sources of uncertainty, and use the model in conjunction with experimental data to derive an uncertainty budget. We show how this approach could be used in practice for the objective comparison of spectra, and discuss the benefits and limitations of this strategy.

Antibody Recognition of a human chorionic gonadotropin epitope (hCGβ66-80) depends on local structure retained in the free peptide.

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is an important biomarker in pregnancy and oncology, where it is routinely detected and quantified by specific immunoassays. Intelligent epitope selection is essential to achieving the required assay performance. We present binding affinity measurements demonstrating that a typical β3-loop-specific monoclonal antibody (8G5) is highly selective in competitive immunoassays and distinguishes between hCGβ66–80 and the closely related luteinizing hormone (LH) fragment LHβ86–100, which differ only by a single amino acid residue. A combination of optical spectroscopic measurements and atomistic computer simulations on these free peptides reveals differences in turn type stabilized by specific hydrogen bonding motifs. We propose that these structural differences are the basis for the observed selectivity in the full protein.