Jason Holt

Virtual domains for sports and games

Abstract Videogames present deep challenges for traditional concepts of sport and games. Cybersport in particular suggests that sport might be transposed into digital arenas, and videogames in general provide apparently striking counterexamples to the orthodox Suitsian theory of games, seeming to lack strictly prelusory goals and perhaps even also constitutive rules. I argue as follows: (1) if any cybersports count as genuine sports, it will be those most closely resembling uncontroversial core instances of sport, those that essentially involve gross motor skill. Even so, we might reject cybersports as sport by distinguishing physical skills’ domain of execution from their domain of application, sport implying the non-virtual status of both. (2) Although, like chess, videogames appear to lack prelusory goals, chess conventions and nominal descriptions of the object of any videogame suggest the possibility of Suitsian compliance, as does the inclusion of ‘cheat codes’ in videogame programming. Perhaps such sports and games are so ultimately only in a derivative sense, where the non-actual domains merely represent game-independent states of affairs. Still, the more virtual environments come to be seen as normal, the more such distinctions will appear arbitrary. If the world is already a text, it may soon become a digitized one.

Flexibility : a concise guide

CHAPTER 1-STRETCHING TECHNIQUES AND EXERCISE PRESCRIPTIONS xx Yoga xx Slow/static stretching xx Dynamic stretching xx Comparison of slow/static, dynamic and PNF techniques xx PNF variations and effects xx Reversal of antagonists (3S) xx Exercise prescription for 3S xx Summary xx CHAPTER 2-STRETCHING THE MAJOR MUSCLE GROUPS OF THE LOWER LIMB xx Hip extensors xx Hip adductors xx Hip flexors xx Hip inward rotators xx Hip outward rotators xx Plantar flexors xx v CHAPTER 3-STRETCHING THE MAJOR MUSCLE GROUPS OF THE UPPER LIMB xx Shoulder extensors xx Shoulder horizontal adductors xx Shoulder inward rotators xx Wrist flexors xx CHAPTER 4-STRETCHING THE MAJOR MUSCLE GROUPS OF THE TRUNK AND NECK xx Trunk extensors xx Trunk lateral flexors xx Trunk rotators xx Neck quadrant xx CHAPTER 5-ADVANCED 3S STRETCHING EXERCISES FOR FIGURE SKATERS, GYMNASTS, DIVERS AND DANCERS xx Hip adductors (advanced) xx Hip extensors (in flexion) xx Split (adductor-extensor) xx Split (adductor) xx CHAPTER 6-SPORTS, FITNESS AND DANCE APPLICATIONS xx PART 2 - THEORETICAL CHAPTER 7-FLEXIBILITY AND STRETCHING xx Factors that affect flexibility xx Ways to improve flexibility xx Different stretching methods xx When and how to stretch xx When not to stretch xx Training principles xx Summary xx vi CHAPTER 8-MYTHS ABOUT STRETCHING xx Review of reviewsxx Myth 1-Stretching causes injury xx Myth 2-Stretching leads to damage and dysfunction xx Myth 3-Stretching does not prevent injuries xx Myth 4-Stretching does not improve performance xx Myth 5-Stretching has no therapeutic value xx Myth 6-All forms of stretching have similar effects xx Summary xx CHAPTER 9-CLINICAL CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS xx Flexibility and range of motion xx Functional flexibility xx Correcting muscle imbalances xx Choosing a stretching method xx Flexibility and traditional Chinese medicine xx Clinical techniques and modalities xx Diabetes mellitus xx Contraindications and precautions xx Final remarks xx CHAPTER 10-THE MECHANISMS OF FLEXIBILITY ENHANCEMENT xx The muscle/fascia/tendon complex xx How 3S works xx A biomechanical explanation xx Theoretical interpretations of neural and tissue adaptations xx Our view of adaptation mechanisms - the fascia hypothesis xx Conclusion xx APPENDIX A-GLOSSARY xx APPENDIX B-APPLIED ANATOMY OF 3S STRETCHES xx APPENDIX C-THE 3S MACHINE xx APPENDIX D - MACHINE AND SOLO 3S EXERCISES xx APPENDIX E - RECOMMENDED EXERCISES FOR SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES xx

Forensic Kinesiology: Foundations of an Interdiscipline for Accident/Crime Investigation

Kinesiology is the study of human movement, and comprises several disciplines, each devoted to a specific aspect of human activity, each with its own set of principles and methods to assess and analyze movement. Forensic kinesiology is the application of kinesiological techniques to accident/crime investigation; specialists in this field can use various tools and procedures to measure, analyze, model, and determine the movement sequences involved in events under investigation. This article will highlight major subdisciplines of kinesiology most relevant to forensics, present the key assessment and analytical tools used by kinesiologists, and demonstrate how both the principles and the practices of kinesiology can be applied to accident/crime investigation.

Mumford on aesthetic–moral interaction in sport

Abstract Stephen Mumford argues that aesthetic and moral values in sport are interdependent, focusing on cases where immorality taints beautiful performance. This interdependence thesis is insightful but, I argue, in need of refinement, as its normative implications are unclear and perhaps implausible (e.g. the Nazi aesthetics problem). I also challenge Mumford’s perspective on the infamous Dynamo Kiev death match. Whereas Mumford claims that the match’s morally oppressive circumstances detract from it so that ‘it was not something knowingly we should have admired aesthetically’, I argue that, on the contrary, and in light of what Mumford says about other cases, such circumstances actually enhance the game’s aesthetics such that it would be wrong not to appreciate it aesthetically.

Neuroaesthetics and Philosophy

Some philosophers even recently have been skeptical about whether science can reveal anything significant about art. Although some scientists’ ventures into art theory have seemed to warrant such suspicions, including early speculative forays into neuroaesthetics, against such skepticism, the argument here is that neuroaesthetics is crucial for understanding aesthetic experience and ultimately art itself. Because certain core proposals of early versions of neuroaesthetics (e.g., the art-as-caricature thesis) seem to justify this skepticism and yet, at the same time, prove more defensible than they might initially seem, they are ideal illustrations of how neuroaesthetics at a more abstract level dovetails with the philosophy of art, and so provides a complementary, not competing perspective that can help complete, verify, and defend such philosophical theories. In particular, it is proposed that aesthetic experience involves a distinctive corticolimbic response, that such experience is therefore testable and may be found even with so-called anti-art, and that its value consists in resolution of conflict between the higher cortex and limbic system generated by the evolution of the former.

The Ultimate Daily Show and Philosophy: More Moments of Zen, More Indecision Theory

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A Proposed Interdisciplinary Curriculum in Forensic Kinesiology

To meet the ever-increasing demand for expertise in human movement as applied to civil and criminal litigation, both private and public organizations have begun to seek the help of highly trained kinesiology specialists with advanced graduate-level university education and training. This paper will begin by identifying the key elements of the emerging specialization/subdiscipline of forensic kinesiology. Further discussion will outline the requirements for a university-based, graduate-level program designed to prepare students for specialization in forensic kinesiology. Based on this discussion, a proposed interdisciplinary curriculum will be presented.

Advanced 3S Stretching Exercises for Figure Skaters, Gymnasts, Divers, and Dancers

This chapter focuses on advanced stretching exercises for individuals wishing to achieve a high level of flexibility in the region of the hips, particularly figures skaters, gymnasts, divers, and dancers. Appropriate advanced 3S exercises will be presented.

Flexibility and Exercise

Stretching exercises have long been advocated as a means of improving performance, reducing the risk of injury, and facilitating rehabilitation after injury. However, there is conflicting evidence in the literature regarding the possible benefits of flexibility training. In sport, flexibility training programs are largely based on a coach’s or trainer’s opinion, which often derives from personal experience, sometimes in conjunction with a limited or uncritical reading of the literature. The available literature, furthermore, varies widely in quality, from tightly controlled, well-designed experiments to experiments that are poorly constructed and draw unwarranted conclusions. Many published articles violate accepted research standards yet have nonetheless influenced practitioners to form a number of erroneous beliefs.

Stretching the Major Muscle Groups of the Trunk and Neck

In this chapter, we present appropriate stretching exercises for the major muscle groups of the trunk and neck. All four methods (3S, yoga, slow/ static, and dynamic) will be covered for the trunk. For the neck, we recommend a very gentle, active range of motion stretch.