Jean-Paul Gaudillière

From molecular genetics to genomics : the mapping cultures of twentieth century genetics

Section 1. Molecularizing Maps: 1. Angela Creager - Mapping Genes in Microorganisms 2. Frederic L. Holmes - Seymour Benzer and the Convergence of Molecular Biology with Classical Genetics 3. Marcel Weber - Walking on the Chromosome: Drosophila and the Molecularization of Development 4. Scott Gilbert -. Gene Expression Maps: The Cartography of Transcription 5. Soraya de Chadarevian - Mapping the Worms Genome: Tools, Networks, Patronage Section 2. The Moral and the Political Economy of Human Genome Sequencing: 6. Stephen Hilgartner - Making Maps and Making Social Order: Governing American Genome Centers, 1988-93 7. Alain Kaufmann - Mapping the Human Genome at Genethon Laboratory: The French Muscular Dystrophy Association and the Politics of the Gene 8. Adam Bostanci - Sequencing Human Genomes 9. Gisli Palsson -. Decoding Relations and Disease: The Icelandic Biogenetic Project

Disciplining Cancer: Mice and the Practice of Genetic Purity

So, the first thing you should do, I should say, in spending your money would be to insure a constant and adequate supply of controlled, known animal material on which investigations could be carried out ... if that work has to be done with them [the animals] then there has got to be knowledge of how to produce animals which are nearly as uniform as it is possible for any living higher animal to be. In other words, we can produce as nearly a chemically pure animal and as nearly alike fellows as it is possible to produce ... during this past year the little laboratory where I work has sent out over 65 000 such animals all over the United States and to Europe for research in cancer and in other experimental medicine. There is a tremendous demand for them. So the first thing to do in the spending of this money would be to have under governmental control, or at least see that there is an insurance of, a definite certainty of the availability of animal material of a controlled nature.1

Classical genetic research and its legacy : the mapping cultures of twentieth-century genetics

Section 1: Mendelian Genetics and Linkage Mapping 1. Jonathan Harwood. Linkage before Mendelism? Plant-Breeding Research in Central Europe, ca 1880-1910 2. Hans-Jorg Rheinberger. Carl Correns and the Early History of Genetic Linkage 3. Raphael Falk. Applying and Extending the Notion of Genetic Linkage - The First Fifty Years 4. Lisa Gannett and James R. Griesmer. Classical Genetics and the Geography of Genes Section 2: Mapping Work, Mapping Collectives, Mapping Cultures 5. Lee B. Kass and Christophe Bonneuil. Mapping and Seeing: Barbara Mcclintock and the Linking of Genetics and Cytology in Maize Genetics, 1928-35 6. Lisa Gannett and James R. Griesemer. The ABO Blood Groups: Mapping the History and Geography of Genes in Homo sapiens 7. Jean-Paul Gaudilliere. Mapping as Technology: Genes, Mutant Mice, and Biomedical Research (1910-65)

Professional or industrial order? : patents, biological drugs, and pharmaceutical capitalism in early twentieth century Germany

This paper analyzes the patenting activities of the Berlin pharmaceutical company Schering in the 1920s and 1930s when the firm was developing preparations of sex hormones in collaboration with the Kaiser‐Wilhelm Institute für Biochemie. Although in France and Germany, the law declared drugs not patentable, the massive use of process patents by German firms to circumvent this ban opposes the weakness of such practices in France. This case illustrates the creation of a patent milieu between academic researchers, industrial managers, and lawyers that contributed to normalize the intellectual property of drugs. More precisely the paper shows how the changing ways of investigating and producing the sex hormones, i.e. their molecularization, became a legal operator. The paper also highlights the deep influence questions of intellectual property have had on biological research. The 1930s saw a rapid expansion of research on metabolic pathways. Within bio‐industrial networks, these pathways were deemed essentials as they were (a) patentable and (b) examples of both biological and technological synthesis of drugs. Finally, the hormone cartel Schering and its main European competitors established in the 1940s reveals that drug patents had then become so important that the fear of a tragedy of the anti‐commons became a strong incentive in the formation of cartels grounded in patent pools.

Les logiques instrumentales de la génomique

Abstract Le sequencage du genome humain semble promettre lavenement dune nouvelle biologie, capable de sattaquer a la complexite du monde cellulaire. Pour Jean-Paul Gaudilliere, la genetique moleculaire est cependant loin davoir genere une nouvelle vision du vivant. Elle a, avant tout, apporte de formidables progres techniques et de nouvelles formes dorganisation de la recherche.

Molding National Research Systems: The Introduction of Penicillin to Germany and France

In our historical imagination, penicillin plays the role of the good sister of the atomic bomb. It epitomizes the success of the U.S. scientific mobilization and the emergence of modern biomedicine. This chapter discusses the fate of penicillin in France and Germany, comparing the reactions of the two countries to the antibiotic challenge under restricted conditions. The comparison centers on the scientific and industrial practices that created penicillin. It also sheds light on the professional styles, forms of expertise, and political resources that helped shape the meanings and uses of the antibiotic. The French section recounts how the Pasteur Institute and the military administration organized penicillin research and production during 1945-1947. The alliance between the two has roots in the highly peculiar political and social climate of the liberation and in the biotechnological tradition of the Pasteur Institute. The German section focuses on the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biochemistry. The study of the institute, which worked closely with a pharmaceutical company, features the interplay between academic chemists and industry, while providing insights into the research organization under National Socialism.

Crise, mobilisations et alternatives économiques

Quelle strategie economique peut fonder une alternative politique potentiellement majoritaire dans un contexte marque par la transformation neoliberale du capitalisme et le poids des politiques d’austerite et de remise en cause de l’Etat social portees par l’Union europeennexa0? Les mobilisations et experiences «xa0localesxa0» qui ont emerge depuis 2008 ont debouche sur la creation de Podemos, mais sont aussi a l’origine d’une importante discussion, en son sein, sur la crise du modele social-democrate assis sur la croissance, la place du travail dans l’organisation des politiques sociales, le developpement de l’economie sociale ou la transition ecologique.

L'ascension des pays du Sud dans les négociations climatiques: Entretien avec Amy Dahan, historienne des sciences, directrice de recherche au CNRS et directrice adjointe du centre Alexandre Koyré

Le changement climatique n’est plus en discussion : les predictions du GIEC liant augmentation de la temperature terrestre et emissions de gaz a effet de serre font consensus. Ce qui est desormais en discussion dans les negociations climatiques est la limitation du changement et l’adaptation a ses consequences. Privilegiant une modelisation globale qui ne posait pas la question de l’origine des emissions, les negociations des annees 1990 etaient une affaire euro-americaine. Le climat est aujourd’hui un probleme Nord-Sud, le cadre privilegie pour poser les questions des inegalites ecologiques globales et de l’apres-developpement. Amy Dahan nous rappelle comment et pourquoi les pays dits en developpement ont occupe l’arene climatique.