Jef M. van der Zel

The influence of porcelain layer thickness on the final shade of ceramic restorations

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Ceramic restorations should be made of porcelain layers of different opacity, shade, and thickness in order to provide a natural appearance. By means of CAD/CAM layering technology such as CICERO, it is feasible to produce all-ceramic crowns with porcelain layers of predetermined thickness. However, it is not yet known whether changes in thickness of these porcelain layers within the clinically available space can perceivably influence the overall shade of the restoration. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine, quantitatively, the effect of different thickness ratios of opaque porcelain (OP) and translucent porcelain (TP) layers on the overall shade of all-ceramic specimens. MATERIAL AND METHODS The CIELAB values of 5 assembled specimens, each consisting of 2 or 3 discs (CORE 0.70 mm/OP--0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, or 1.00 mm/TP 1.00, 0.75, 0.50, 0.25, or 0 mm) were determined with a spectrophotometer for the Vita shades A1, A2, and A3. Distilled water was used to attain optical contact between the layers. Black or white backgrounds were used to assess the influence of the background on the final shade. Color differences (DeltaE) between layered specimens were determined. Correlation between the thickness ratio and the L*, a*, and b* values was calculated by 2-tailed Spearman correlation analysis. RESULTS The results indicated that small changes in OP/TP thickness ratio can perceivably influence the final shade of the layered specimens (DeltaE>1). Redness a* and yellowness b* increased with the thickness of OP for all shades. Redness a* (P<.01 for all shades) correlated more strongly with thickness than yellowness b* (P<.01 for A1 and A3; P<.05 for A2). The lightness (L*) was shade dependent. The correlation (r) between OP/TP thickness and L* was 0.975 (P<.01) for shade A1, 0.700 (not statistically significant) for shade A2, and 0.900 (P<.05) for shade A3. CONCLUSION Small changes in thickness and shade of opaque and translucent porcelain layers can influence the final shade of the layered porcelain specimen.

Microtensile bond strength and impact energy of fracture of CAD-veneered zirconia restorations

PURPOSE With state-of-the-art CAD/CAM technology, the fabrication of large and complex zirconia frameworks is just a click away. On the other hand, veneering of the frameworks is still operator-dependent. The aim of this work was to evaluate CAD veneering of zirconia restorations in terms of zirconia veneer bond strength and impact energy of fracture in a step towards complete automation of the fabrication process. MATERIALS AND METHODS A new CAD/CAM system was used to fabricate a resin replica of the esthetic ceramic required to veneer a zirconia framework. The replica was seated on the zirconia framework and further processed using press-on technology. The bond strength between zirconia and the CAD veneer was evaluated using microtensile bond strength test. The impact energy of fracture of the specimens was also investigated. Manually layered zirconia specimens served as a control (alpha= 0.05). RESULTS There was no significant difference in the microtensile bond strength between zirconia and either of the used veneers (39 MPa). Even though the impact energy of fracture of the CAD-veneered and manually layered specimens was almost identical (0.13 J), the former demonstrated a cohesive fracture of the veneer, while the latter failed by delamination of the veneer ceramic. CONCLUSION CAD veneering is a reliable method for veneering zirconia restorations.