Jeffrey A. Daniels

Review of the Counseling Self-Efficacy Literature

This article provides an integrative review of the counseling self-efficacy (CSE) literature conducted from 1983 to the present. First, the content, structure, and psychometric properties of the four most common constructs across the 32 studies are reviewed. Second, the findings from the literature are integrated into the larger theory by relating CSE to the major components of social cognitive theory, namely, counselor characteristics, personal agency, counselor performance, and the supervision/counseling/work environment. Third, the intervention studies that have been targeted at increasing either CSE estimations or counselor performance are presented. Fourth, studies that have examined and identified significant predictors of CSE are discussed. Fifth, the practical implications for supervisors are discussed. Finally, conclusions and recommendations for future research are presented.

Predictors of Client Implementation of Counselor Recommendations: Match with Problem, Difficulty Level, and Building on Client Strengths.

Three variables were used to predict whether clients would implement a treatment recommendation suggested by their counselor. The 3 predictor variables were (a) the match between the problem and the recommendation, (b) the difficulty level of the recommendation; and (c) the degree to which the recommendation was built on the clients strengths.

Relationship of referral source, race, and wait time on preintake attrition.

This study assessed whether referral source, client race, and wait time contributed to the preintake dropout rates in a large urban community mental health center in the northwestern United States. The data were collectedfrom archival records maintained by the mental health agencys intake department. A total of 1,105 participants were documented over a 2-year period spanning 2000 and 2001. The results indicated that individuals who referred themselves for services were more likely to attend an initial intake appointment than those who were referred by others. Conversely, neither race nor wait time was significantly related to preintake attrition. Implications for psychologists are discussed.

A Qualitative Investigation of Averted School Shooting Rampages

The recent rash of school violence has again brought to the fore a need to investigate ways to enhance the safety of America’s children. With its emphases on prevention and collaboration with schools, a counseling psychology perspective can add much to the growing body of research on lethal school violence. This article aims to understand school violence prevention from the perspectives of school personnel who intervened to avert deadly shootings. As such, this study used consensual qualitative research methodology. Six primary domains emerged from the data, including school conditions, intervention, crisis planning, relationship, prevention efforts, and problematic issues. A seventh other domain captured important data that did not fit with the aforementioned six domains. From all domains, data were collapsed into 42 core ideas.

Barricaded Captive Situations in Schools: Mitigation and Response

Although not common occurrences, schools are occasionally the site of barricaded captive events. To date little research has examined these acts of school violence. The purpose of this article is to describe 19 school barricaded captive events that occurred between February, 1998 and September, 2007 in the United States. Data were analyzed by examination of news reports of each incident, and include the following variables: Incident location (state, community), school level and size, time of day of the event, location of the event within the school, age and sex of the subjects, information about the captives, presence of school resource officers, student screening mechanisms, behavioral changes of the subjects, the subject’s expected outcomes, injuries or fatalities, demands and deadlines, captive escapes and releases, weapons, incident resolution, tactical team response, and negotiations. Results pertain to incident demographics, prevention/mitigation, and response.

Averted School Shootings

An overview of research on averted school shootings, beginning with an overview of the phenomenon of lethal school violence, including prevalence and the effects of shootings on the school community. A review and analysis of the research on averted school shootings is followed by an overview of Daniels and Bradley’s five-pronged Safe School Communities Model. The model includes skills instruction, expected student behaviors, engagement with the community, student self/other awareness, and positive adult interactions.

A Content Analysis of Military Psychology: 2002–2014.

Content analysis of articles published in professional journals is a viable method to assess the trends and topics a profession deems to be important. Military psychology does not involve only 1 subspecialty of psychologists, so research from many different perspectives has contributed to the field. The purpose of this manuscript is to present a post-9/11 content analysis of articles published in Military Psychology to identify critical issues and trends in the research and practice of military psychology. A total of 379 articles were analyzed, and revealed that the majority were empirical (n = 304, 80.2%) and employed quantitative methods (n = 283, 93.1%). The primary key topics were personnel (air force, army, military, and navy; n = 166), military (psychology, training, veterans, etc.; n = 104), and career issues (e.g., employee, interests, job, vocation, etc.; n = 57). Trends and directions for the future of military psychology are also considered.

Costs of Lethal School Violence

In this chapter, we delve into the psychological and social costs of lethal school violence (LSV), both to students and to faculty/staff/administrators of the schools. We describe the impact of LSV on students with regard to fear and anxiety, including issues related to psychological trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, and other psychological sequelae. We then address the effects on students with respect to attendance and academic performance. LSV also negatively impacts school personnel. We again address issues of fear and anxiety (PTSD and other psychological effects) among school personnel who are exposed to a lethal incident at school. We also report on the consequences of LSV on the health of school personnel and conclude with the impact on teachers’ work performance.

Bullying and Lethal Acts of School Violence

In Chap. 3, we address a topic that has received considerable research attention over the past decade and has been implicated as a causal factor in LSV. It has been reported that many lethal school shootings were in part in retaliation for being bullied. Within this chapter, we address prevalence of bullying in the USA and then discuss different forms of bullying. Specifically, we describe overt and covert forms of bullying, including relational aggression and cyber-bullying. We then discuss negative effects of bullying on students, school personnel, and the school climate, followed by the links between LSV and bullying. We then conclude with a brief overview of several anti-bullying programs that have been empirically supported.

Learning the Ropes: A Creative Orientation Approach for Counseling Students

ABSTRACT Although the literature base for student retention and attrition within counselor education is somewhat lacking, we can glean much from the general literature on student retention. This study examines a unique orientation program for counseling students aimed at increasing the factors related to counseling student self-efficacy and completion of graduate work. A consensual qualitative research-modified design was used to analyze student reactions to an outdoor orientation program geared toward increasing comfort and reducing student anxiety in regards to beginning their program.