Jennifer Markham
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
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Featured researches published by Jennifer Markham.
Energy and Environmental Science | 2017
Lieve M.L. Laurens; Jennifer Markham; David W. Templeton; Earl Christensen; Stefanie Van Wychen; Eric W. Vadelius; Melodie Chen-Glasser; Tao Dong; Ryan Davis; Philip T. Pienkos
Identifying and addressing critical improvements in biomass, bioproduct and biofuel productivity is a priority for the nascent algae-based bioeconomy. Economic and sustainability principles should guide these developing improvements and help to unravel the contentious water–food–energy–environment nexus that algae inhabit. Understanding the biochemistry of the storage carbon metabolism of algae to produce biofuels and bioproducts can bring to light the key barriers that currently limit the overall carbon efficiency and the photosynthetic efficiency, and ultimately guide productivity and commercial viability in the context of limiting resources. In the analysis reported here, we present different potential pathways for a conceptual algae biorefinery framework, with each pathway addressing one of the main identified barriers to future deployment. We highlight the molecular identification, in the form of an extensive literature review, of potential bioproducts that may be derived directly from both biomass and fractions produced through a conversion pathway, for three important commercially-relevant genera of algae, Scenedesmus, Chlorella and Nannochloropsis. We establish a relationship between each of the potential bioproducts, describe relevant conversion and extraction processes, and discuss market opportunities with values and sizes as they relate to commercial development of the products.
Green Chemistry | 2016
Jennifer Markham; Ling Tao; Ryan Davis; Nina Voulis; Largus T. Angenent; Justin Ungerer; Jianping Yu
Ethylene is a petrochemical produced in large volumes worldwide. It serves as a building block for a wide variety of plastics, textiles, and chemicals, and can be converted into liquid transportation fuels. There is great interest in the development of technologies that produce ethylene from renewable resources, such as biologically derived CO2 and biomass. One of the metabolic pathways used by microbes to produce ethylene is via an ethylene-forming enzyme (EFE). By expressing a bacterial EFE gene in a cyanobacterium, ethylene has been produced through photosynthetic carbon fixation. Here, we present a conceptual design and techno-economic analysis of a process of biofuel production based on the upgradation of ethylene generated by the recombinant cyanobacterium. This analysis focuses on potential near-term to long-term cost projections for the integrated process of renewable fuels derived from ethylene. The cost projections are important in showing the potential of this technology and determining research thrusts needed to reach target goals. The base case for this analysis is a midterm projection using tubular photobioreactors for cyanobacterial growth and ethylene production, cryogenic distillation for ethylene separation and purification, a two-step Ziegler oligomerization process with subsequent hydrotreatment and upgradation for fuel production, and a wastewater treatment process that utilizes anaerobic digestion of cyanobacterial biomass. The minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) for the midterm projection is
Green Chemistry | 2017
Ling Tao; Jennifer Markham; Zia Haq; Mary J. Biddy
15.07 per gallon gasoline equivalent (GGE). Near-term and long-term projections are
Environmental Science & Technology | 2018
Shijie Leow; Brian Shoener; Yalin Li; Jennifer DeBellis; Jennifer Markham; Ryan A. Davis; Lieve M.L. Laurens; Philip T. Pienkos; Sherri M. Cook; Timothy J. Strathmann; Jeremy S. Guest
28.66 per GGE and
Archive | 2016
Ryan W. Davis; Jennifer Markham; Christopher Kinchin; Nicholas Grundl; Eric Tan; David Humbird
5.36 per GGE, respectively. Single- and multi-point sensitivity analyses are conducted to determine the relative effect that chosen variables could have on the overall costs. This analysis identifies several key variables for improving the overall process economics and outlines strategies to guide future research directions. The productivity of ethylene has the largest effect on cost and is calculated based on a number of variables that are incorporated into this cost model (i.e., quantum requirement, photon transmission efficiency, and the percent of energy going to either ethylene or cyanobacterial biomass production).
Archive | 2016
Wei Cheng Wang; Ling Tao; Jennifer Markham; Yanan Zhang; Eric Tan; Liaw Batan; Ethan Warner; Mary J. Biddy
This study summarizes the detailed techno-economic analysis of the ethanol-to-jet (ETJ) process based on two different feedstocks (corn grain and corn stover) at the plant scale of 2000 dry metric tons per day. Ethanol biologically derived from biomass is upgraded catalytically to jet blendstocks via alcohol dehydration, olefin oligomerization, and hydrotreating. In both pathways, corn-grain-derived ethanol to jet (corn mill ETJ) and corn-stover-derived ethanol to jet (corn stover ETJ), there are portions of gasoline and diesel produced as coproducts. Two cost bases are used in this study: the minimum jet fuel selling prices (MJSP) for jet-range blendstocks and the minimum fuel selling prices (MFSP) for all the hydrocarbons (gasoline, jet, and diesel) produced using a gallon gasoline equivalent (GGE) basis. The nth-plant MJSPs for the two pathways are estimated to be
ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering | 2018
Jennifer B. Dunn; Mary J. Biddy; Susanne B. Jones; Hao Cai; Pahola Thathiana Benavides; Jennifer Markham; Ling Tao; Eric Tan; Christopher Kinchin; Ryan Davis; Abhijit Dutta; Mark D. Bearden; Christopher K. Clayton; Steven Phillips; Kenneth G. Rappe; Patrick Lamers
4.20 per gal for corn mill and
Archive | 2016
Edward D. Frank; Ambica Koushik Pegallapati; Ryan Davis; Jennifer Markham; Andre M. Coleman; Sue Jones; Mark S. Wigmosta; Yunhua Zhu
6.14 per gal for corn stover, while MFSPs are
Archive | 2018
Ryan Davis; Jennifer Markham; Christopher Kinchin; Christina E. Canter; Jeongwoo Han; Qianfeng Li; Andre M. Coleman; Sue Jones; Mark S. Wigmosta; Yunhua Zhu
3.91 per GGE for corn mill and
ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering | 2018
Pahola Thathiana Benavides; Jennifer B. Dunn; Jeongwoo Han; Mary J. Biddy; Jennifer Markham
5.37 per GGE for corn stover. If all of the hydrocarbon products (gasoline, jet, and diesel ranges) can be considered as fuel blendstocks using a GGE basis, the total hydrocarbon yield for fuel blendstock is 49.6 GGE per dry ton biomass for corn stover and 71.0 GGE per dry ton biomass for corn grain. The outcome of this study shows that the renewable jet fuel could be cost competitive with fossil derived jet fuel if further improvements could be made to increase process yields (particularly yields of sugars, sugar to ethanol, and ethanol to hydrocarbons), research and development of sustainable feedstocks, and more effective catalytic reaction kinetics. Pioneer plant analysis, which considers the increased capital investment and the decreased plant performance over the nth-plant analysis, is also performed, showing a potential 31%–178% increase in cost compared to the nth-plant assumptions for the dry mill pathway, but with a much wider range of 69%–471% cost increase over the nth-plant assumptions for the corn stover pathway. While there are large differences between the estimated first of a kind plant cost and the targeted nth-plant case, reduction of costs is possible through improvement of the overall process efficiency, yields, reduction in overall capital, co-product revenues and strategically improve performance by process learnings.