Jennifer Sloan

Phased Control of Expansin Activity during Leaf Development Identifies a Sensitivity Window for Expansin-Mediated Induction of Leaf Growth

Expansins are cell wall proteins associated with the process of plant growth. However, investigations in which expansin gene expression has been manipulated throughout the plant have often led to inconclusive results. In this article, we report on a series of experiments in which overexpression of expansin was targeted to specific phases of leaf growth using an inducible promoter system. The data indicate that there is a restricted window of sensitivity when increased expansin gene expression leads to increased endogenous expansin activity and an increase in leaf growth. This phase of maximum expansin efficacy corresponds to the mid phase of leaf growth. We propose that the effectiveness of expansin action depends on the presence of other modulating factors in the leaf and we suggest that it is the control of expression of these factors (in conjunction with expansin gene expression) that defines the extent of leaf growth. These data help to explain some of the previously observed variation in growth response following manipulation of expansin gene expression and highlight a potential linkage of the expression of modifiers of expansin activity with the process of exit from cell division.

Variable expansin expression in Arabidopsis leads to different growth responses

Expansins have long been implicated in the control of cell wall extensibility. However, despite ample evidence supporting a role for these proteins in the endogenous mechanism of plant growth, there are also examples in the literature where the outcome of altered expansin gene expression is difficult to reconcile with a simplistic causal linkage to growth promotion. To investigate this problem, we report on the analysis of transgenic Arabidopsis plants in which a heterologous cucumber expansin can be inducibly overexpressed. Our results indicate that the effects of expansin expression on growth depend on the degree of induction of expansin expression and the developmental pattern of organ growth. They support the role of expansin in directional cell expansion. They are also consistent with the idea that excess expansin might itself impede normal activities of cell wall modifications, culminating in both growth promotion and repression depending on the degree of expression.

Light-Induced Stomatal Opening Is Affected by the Guard Cell Protein Kinase APK1b

Guard cells allow land plants to survive under restricted or fluctuating water availability. They control the exchange of gases between the external environment and the interior of the plant by regulating the aperture of stomatal pores in response to environmental stimuli such as light intensity, and are important regulators of plant productivity. Their turgor driven movements are under the control of a signalling network that is not yet fully characterised. A reporter gene fusion confirmed that the Arabidopsis APK1b protein kinase gene is predominantly expressed in guard cells. Infrared gas analysis and stomatal aperture measurements indicated that plants lacking APK1b are impaired in their ability to open their stomata on exposure to light, but retain the ability to adjust their stomatal apertures in response to darkness, abscisic acid or lack of carbon dioxide. Stomatal opening was not specifically impaired in response to either red or blue light as both of these stimuli caused some increase in stomatal conductance. Consistent with the reduction in maximum stomatal conductance, the relative water content of plants lacking APK1b was significantly increased under both well-watered and drought conditions. We conclude that APK1b is required for full stomatal opening in the light but is not required for stomatal closure.

Emotional engagements: on sinking and swimming in prison research and ethnography

Undertaking in-depth, ethnographic research in prisons requires significant amounts of practical and emotional commitment. By entering the prison world, researchers are able to see a world that few others gain access to, listen to stories that are rarely heard, and ask questions that many are interested in. Whilst prison researchers might be considered ‘privileged’ in the sense that they gain access to places that are closed off from most members of the public, there is another side to the experience of prison research that is often left under-explored: the emotional trials and costs that can accompany ‘deep end’ research within the confines of the prison world. This article considers some of the emotional dimensions and challenges of prison research, arguing that, whilst it is uncomfortable and exposing for researchers to examine the emotional dimensions of research, analysis of the role emotions can play has been under-examined in prison studies, despite their importance to the research process (Yuen, 2011). We suggest that knowledge and understanding about prison life and the lived experience of imprisonment can be deepened and enriched when researchers identify and systematically process their emotions as a form of data.

Stomatal development: focusing on the grasses

The development and patterning of stomata in the plant epidermis has emerged as an ideal system for studying fundamental plant developmental processes. Over the past twenty years most studies of stomata have used the model dicotyledonous plant Arabidopsis thaliana. However, cultivated monocotyledonous grass (or Gramineae) varieties provide the majority of human nutrition, and future research into grass stomata could be of critical importance for improving food security. Recent studies using Brachypodium distachyon, Hordeum vulgare (barley) and Oryza sativa (rice) have led to the identification of the core transcriptional regulators essential for stomatal initiation and progression in grasses, and begun to unravel the role of secretory signaling peptides in controlling stomatal developmental. This review revisits how stomatal developmental unfolds in grasses, and identifies key ontogenetic steps for which knowledge of the underpinning molecular mechanisms remains outstanding.

Going in green : reflections on the challenges of ‘getting in, getting on, and getting out’ for doctoral prisons researchers

Hardly any scholarly attention has been paid to the first-time prison researcher. What little commentary does exist (e.g. Smith and Wincup, 2000, 2002) is primarily focused on providing practical tips for novice researchers within criminal justice institutions which, whilst helpful, do little to prepare the inexperienced, ‘greenhead’ researcher for the lived emotions and experiences of the task of conducting prisons research. Even the most seasoned researchers are in no way immune to the ‘pains’ and ‘turbulence’ of prison-based fieldwork (cf. Liebling, 1999); however, for the neophyte prisons researcher, these pains can be magnified, particularly given the exhaustion, isolation and ‘shock’ of working in the field for the first time (Smith and Wincup, 2000). This ‘shock’ undoubtedly results from the lack of studies which exist to adequately equip and prepare novitiates to prisons research, an issue which is arguably part of the broader dearth of scholarly attention previously paid to the emotive aspects of work undertaken in this environment (see Liebling, 1999; Jewkes, 2012).

‘Moatifs’ of masculinity: The stories told about ‘men’ in British newspaper coverage of the Raoul Moat case

This article addresses the common omission and/or obfuscation of men in accounts of crime and particularly accounts of violence, despite the overwhelming presence of men in violent activities and, indeed, crime per se. In doing so it identifies key themes that frame masculine identities. Using the case of Raoul Moat, the piece analyses the discourses available in British newspapers to account for male violence. Raoul Moat killed one man, injured his ex-partner and a police officer and finally shot himself dead in the Northumbrian wilderness. Whereas most accounts of male violence blame ‘bad’ women, race, youth, terror, gangs and madness, here news stories evoked different tales of domestic, institutional and elemental masculinity. The themes of those tales, we argue, constitute broad contexts for constructing masculine identities and our analysis offers new insights into how masculine identity is constructed through discourse and why violence is a significantly male-dominated activity; insights which address some of the lacks in current theoretical work on both masculinity and violence.

General Introduction: What Ethnography Tells Us about Prisons and What Prisons Tell Us about Ethnography

The practice of ethnography as a research method has a long history that places special importance on understanding the perspectives of the people under study and of observing their activities in everyday life (Hammersley and Atkinson, 1983). It is a method used by researchers in a variety of disciplines, but it is perhaps most famously associated with social anthropology and the study of indigenous cultures (Malinowski, 1922; Evans-Pritchard, 1937; Turnbull, 1961). Ethnographers aim to produce rich and detailed accounts of people and the social processes they are embedded in. For these reasons, it is often employed by educational, health and social sciences researchers in a wide variety of institutional, community and other social settings.

Doing Prison Research

The research aimed to provide insights into the manner in which imprisonment is experienced by men. By better understanding how men ‘do’ being in prison, where many normalising contexts and resources for performing socially legitimate masculine identities are unavailable, such as liberty, goods and services, autonomy, heterosexual relationships, and security (Sykes 1958), where men are placed into feminising positions, and where such men are literally ‘captive’ in such a context for the researcher, it may help to enhance the understandings of masculinities more broadly, and to help to explain its association with crime. A key focus is upon interpersonal interactions between prisoners, based upon the concept of gender and the gendered body (and its use through gestures) being ‘performative’ (Butler 1990: 173).

‘You Can See Your Face in My Floor’: Examining the Function of Cleanliness in an Adult Male Prison

In this article, consideration is given to the concept of cleanliness and tidiness from the perspective of the masculine prisoner. Themes related to processes of maintaining, and perceptions of, cleanliness emerged, related to the self, personal space, and the cleanliness of others. Running through these were overarching elements of control, differentiation and processes of normalisation, which can be seen to relate concepts of cleanliness directly to the negotiation of the adult male prisoners gendered identity, implying that keeping clean and tidy relates directly to individuals’ senses of masculine self and perceptions of others.