Jens Ulstrup

The effect of intramolecular quantum modes on free energy relationships for electron transfer reactions

A general quantum mechanical description of exothermic electron transfer reactions is formulated by treating such reactions as the nonradiative decay of a ’’supermolecule’’ consisting of the electron donor, the electron acceptor, and the polar solvent. In particular, the role of the high‐frequency intramolecular degrees of feedom on the free energy relationship for series of closely related reactions was investigated for various model systems involving displacement of potential energy surfaces, frequency shift, and anharmonicity effects. The free energy plots are generally found to pass through a maximum and to be asymmetric with a slower decrease in the transition probability with increasing energy of reaction. For high‐frequency intramolecular modes this provides a rationalization of the experimental observation of ’’activationless’’ regions. Isotope effects are discussed as also are the oscillatory free energy relationships, predicted for low temperatures and high frequencies, and which are analogous t...

Distinct roles of extracellular polymeric substances in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development

Bacteria form surface attached biofilm communities as one of the most important survival strategies in nature. Biofilms consist of water, bacterial cells and a wide range of self-generated extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Biofilm formation is a dynamic self-assembly process and several distinguishable stages are observed during bacterial biofilm development. Biofilm formation is shown to be coordinated by EPS production, cell migration, subpopulation differentiation and interactions. However, the ways these different factors affect each other and contribute to community structural differentiation remain largely unknown. The distinct roles of different EPS have been addressed in the present report. Both Pel and Psl polysaccharides are required for type IV pilus-independent microcolony formation in the initial stages of biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Both Pel and Psl polysaccharides are also essential for subpopulation interactions and macrocolony formation in the later stages of P. aeruginosa PAO1 biofilm formation. Pel and Psl polysaccharides have different impacts on Pseudomonas quinolone signal-mediated extracellular DNA release in P. aeruginosa PAO1 biofilms. Psl polysaccharide is more important than Pel polysaccharide in P. aeruginosa PAO1 biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance. Our study thus suggests that different EPS materials play distinct roles during bacterial biofilm formation.

Resonance and Environmental Fluctuation Effects in STM Currents through Large Adsorbed Molecules

Abstract Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) involving electron tunnelling through large adsorbate molecules with discrete electronic levels accessible at low bias voltage, exhibits conceptual and physical analogies to other thermal and optical multi-level electronic processes. The analogies are most conspicuous if the adsorbate levels are strongly coupled to the environmental molecular, conformational or solvent nuclear motion but interact weakly with the conducting substrate and tip. These conditions would be appropriate for example for adsorbed large transition metal complexes or redox metalloproteins. In these limits electronic-vibrational coupling induces resonance between the local adsorbate level and either the substrate or the tip levels, and the STM current-voltage relations can be approached by methods known from the theory of related electronic transitions such as long-range molecular electron transfer and multi-photon optical processes. We provide a new theoretical frame for STM processes in this limit. The formalism rests on perturbative coupling of the adsorbate levels to the substrate and tip. Specific models incorporate strong coupling to the adsorbate and environmental nuclear motion, vibrational relaxation features, and the continuous electronic spectra of the substrate and tip. All these features are directly and transparently reflected in the current-voltage relations of the STM process.

A theory of electrode reactions through bridge transition states; bridges with a discrete electronic spectrum

Summary A theory has been developed for outer-sphere non-adiabatic electron transfer reactions at electrodes, to or from which an electron is transferred via ionic or molecular bridge species adsorbed on the electrode surface. Assuming a discrete energy spectrum for the discharging species and for the bridge, and neglecting interaction between adsorbed bridges, current-voltage relationships have been calculated for all overvoltages, and it is shown that for suitable relative positions of the electronic terms, the rate of the bridge-assisted electron transfer is higher than that of the direct electron transfer. Experimental data for various systems have been considered, and a semiquantitative agreement with the theory is found for the reduction of [Fe(CN)6]3−.

In situ scanning tunnelling spectroscopy of inorganic transition metal complexes

Redox molecules with equilibrium potentials suitable for electrochemical control offer perspectives in nanoscale and single-molecule electronics. This applies to molecular but also towards higher sophistication such as transistor or diode function. Most recent nanoscale or single-molecule functional systems are, however, fraught with operational limitations such as cryogenic temperatures and ultra-high vacuum, or lack of electrochemical potential control. We report here cyclic voltammetry (CV) using single-crystal Au(111)- and Pt(111)-electrodes and electrochemical in situ scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) of a class of Os(II)/(III)- and Co(II)/(III)-complexes, the former novel molecular electronics. The complexes are robust, with ligand groups suitable for linking the complexes to the Au(111)- and Pt(111)-surfaces via N- and S-donor atoms. The data reflect monolayer behaviour. Interfacial ET of the Os-complexes is fast, kET(0) > or = 10(6) s(-1), while the Co-complex reacts much more slowly, kET(0) approximately (1-3) x 10(3) s(-1). In STM of the Os-complexes shows a maximum in the tunnelling current/overpotential relation at constant bias voltage with up to 50-fold current rise. The peak position systematically the bias voltage and equilibrium potential, in keeping with theoretical frames for two-step electron transfer (ET) of in situ STM of redox molecules. The molecular conductivity behaves broadly similarly. The Co-complex also shows a tunnelling spectroscopic feature but much weaker than the Os-complexes. This can be ascribed much smaller interfacial ET rate constant, again caused by large intramolecular nuclear reorganization and weak electronic coupling to the substrate electrode. Overall the has mapped the properties of target molecules needed for stable electronic switching, possible importance in molecular electronics towards the single-molecule level, in room temperature condensed matter environment.

Thermal gating of the single molecule conductance of alkanedithiols

The temperature dependence of the single molecule conductance (SMC) of alpha,omega-alkanedithiols has been investigated using a scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) method. This is based on trapping molecules between a gold STM tip and a gold substrate and measuring directly the current across the molecule under different applied potentials. A pronounced temperature dependence of the conductance, which scales logarithmically with T(1), is observed in the temperature range between 293 and 353 K. It is proposed the origin of this dependence is the change in distribution between molecular conformers rather than changes in either the conduction mechanism or the electronic structure of molecule. For alkanedithiols the time averaged conformer distribution shifts to less elongated conformers at higher temperatures thus giving rise to higher conductance across the molecular bridges. This is analysed by first calculating energy differences between different conformers and then calculating their partition distribution. A simple tunnelling model is then used to calculate the temperature dependent conductance based on the conformer distribution. These findings demonstrate that charge transport through single organic molecules at ambient temperatures is a subtle and highly dynamic process that cannot be described by analysing only one molecular conformation corresponding to the lowest energy geometry of the molecule.

In situ STM and AFM of the copper protein Pseudomonas aeruginosa azurin

Abstract Scanning tunnel (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) in the in situ mode under potentiostatic control have opened new perspectives for mapping the two-dimensional organization of surface adsorbates in aqueous solution. In situ STM and AFM, however, also raise recognized problems. In the context of biological macromolecules, sample immobilization and the mechanism of the imaging process are, for example, outstanding issues. We have shown that the blue single-copper redox protein azurin is well suited for gentle surface immobilization and mapping. Azurin has a surface disulphide group which adsorbs to gold and facile electron tunnel routes between this group and the copper atom. Azurin adsorbed on Au(111) can be imaged to molecular resolution by in situ STM and shows regular arrays of individual structures corresponding well to the known molecular size of azurin. The current falls off approximately exponentially with increasing distance with a decay constant of 0.4–0.5 A −1 . In comparison in situ AFM shows structures laterally convoluted with the tip while the vertical extension is in the same range as the structural size of azurin. The results are of interest in relation to electron tunnel mechanisms of redox metalloproteins and in technological contexts such as electrochemical biosensors, microbial corrosion and broadly for protein adsorption from biological liquids.

Electrochemistry of Self-Assembled Monolayers of the Blue Copper Protein Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Azurin on Au(111)

Abstract We report the self-assembly and electrochemical behaviour of the blue copper protein Pseudomonas aeruginosa azurin on Au(111) electrodes in aqueous acetate buffer (pH=4.6). The formation of monolayers of this protein is substantiated by electrochemical measurements. Capacitance results indicate qualitatively that the protein is strongly adsorbed at sub-μM concentrations in a broad potential range (about 700 mV). This is further supported by the attenuation of a characteristic cyclic voltammetric peak of Au(111) in acetate solution with increasing azurin concentration. Reductive desorption is clearly disclosed in NaOH solution (pH=13), strongly suggesting that azurin is adsorbed via its disulphide group. An anodic peak and a cathodic peak associated with the copper centre of azurin are finally observed in the differential pulse voltammograms. These peaks are, interestingly, indicative of long-range electrochemical electron transfer such as paralleled by intramolecular electron transfer between the disulphide anion radical and the copper atom in homogeneous solution, and anticipated by theoretical frames. Together with reported in situ scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) results they constitute the first case for electrochemistry of self-assembled monolayers of azurin, even redox proteins. This integrated investigation provides a new approach to both structure and function of adsorbed redox metalloproteins at the molecular level.

Single-Molecule Mapping of Long-range Electron Transport for a Cytochrome b562 Variant

Cytochrome b(562) was engineered to introduce a cysteine residue at a surface-exposed position to facilitate direct self-assembly on a Au(111) surface. The confined protein exhibited reversible and fast electron exchange with a gold substrate over a distance of 20 Å between the heme redox center and the gold surface, a clear indication that a long-range electron-transfer pathway is established. Electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy was used to map electron transport features of the protein at the single-molecule level. Tunneling resonance was directly imaged and apparent molecular conductance was measured, which both show strong redox-gated effects. This study has addressed the first case of heme proteins and offered new perspectives in single-molecule bioelectronics.

Cytochrome c dynamics at gold and glassy carbon surfaces monitored by in situ scanning tunnel microscopy

Abstract We have investigated the absorption of cytochrome c on gold and glassy carbon substrates by in situ scanning tunnel microscopy under potentiostatic control of both substrate and tip. Low ionic strength and potential ranges where no Faradaic current flows were used. Cyt c aggregates into flat composite structures of about 50 nm lateral extension at gold surfaces. The aggregates evolve in time, and structures resembling individual cyt c molecules can be distinguished in the space between the 50 nm structures. Cyt c aggregates also form at glassy carbon but have a different, unbroken character where cyt c both sticks well to the surface and exhibits notable mobility. The observations suggest that characteristic surface specific, internally mobile protein aggregates are formed at both surfaces and that in situ molecular resolution of the STM pictures may have been achieved.