Jeong-Seon Kim

Spirosoma aerophilum sp. nov., isolated from an air sample.

A rod-shaped, yellow, Gram-stain-negative, non-flagellated, aerobic bacterium, designated 5516J-17T, was isolated from an air sample collected from Jeju Island, Republic of Korea. It grew in the temperature range of 10-37 °C (optimum 28-30 °C), pH 6.0-11.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and 0-1 % NaCl (w/v). Phylogenetic trees generated using 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain 5516J-17T belongs to the genus Spirosoma, showing 96.9 % sequence similarity to the most closely related species, Spirosoma linguale DSM 74T. The cellular fatty acids comprised large amounts (>10 % of total fatty acids) of summed feature 3 (C16:1ω7c and/or C16:1ω6c) and C16:1ω5c, and moderate amounts (5-10 % of total fatty acids) of iso-C17:0 3-OH, iso-C15:0 and C16:0. The DNA G+C content was 55.7 mol % and MK-7 was the predominant isoprenoid quinone. Polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, two unknown aminophospholipids, one unknown aminolipid and one unknown lipid. On the basis of this phenotypic and polyphasic taxonomy study, it is suggested that strain 5516J-17T represents a novel species within the genus Spirosoma, with the proposed name Spirosoma aerophilum. The type strain is 5516J-17T (= KACC 17323T = DSM 28388T = JCM 19950T).

Pseudoflavitalea rhizosphaerae gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from rhizosphere of tomato, and proposal to reclassify Flavitalea soli as Pseudoflavitalea soli comb. nov.

A bacterial strain, designated T16R-265T, was isolated from rhizosphere of tomato in Buyeo-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, South Korea. The strain was Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-flagellated and rod- or long-rod-shaped. It grew at the range of 10-40 °C (optimum 28-30 °C), pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum pH 7.0) and with 0-3 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 0 %). 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain T16R-265T had the highest sequence similarity (98.0 %) with Flavitalea soli KIS20-3T and low sequence similarities of below 95 % with all other taxa. The phylogenetic tree revealed that the strain formed a robust monophyletic line with Flavitalea soli KIS20-3T separable from other clades. The predominant quinone of strain T16R-265T was MK-7, the polar lipids consisted of large amounts of phosphatidylethanolamine and an unknown lipid, and the major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and iso-C15 : 1 G. DNA-DNA hybridization values with Flavitalea soli KACC 17319T were below 70 %. The DNA G+C content of strain T16R-265T is 46.2 mol%. Based on phylogenetic evidence and the results of phenotypic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic analyses, strain T16R-265T represents a novel species of a new genus, for which the name Pseudoflavitalea rhizosphaerae gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species is T16R-265T (=KACC 18655T=NBRC 111880T). We also propose the reclassification of Flavitalea soli as Pseudoflavitalea soli comb. nov. (type strain KIS20-3T=KACC 17319T=JCM 19937T).

Flavitalea soli sp. nov. isolated from soil

A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, non-flagellated, mesophilic, yellow-pigmented, aerobic bacterium, designated strain KIS20-3T, was isolated from a soil sample of Baengnyeong Island in Onjin county, Republic of Korea. According to 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the isolate showed highest similarities with Flavitalea populi HY-50RT (94.5 %), Niastella populi THYL-44T (94.2 %) and Flavitalea gansuensis JCN-23T (93.7 %). The neighbour-joining tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain KIS20-3T formed a subcluster with members of the genus Flavitalea, and this subcluster was closely related to members of the genera Niastella, Segetibacter and Parasegetibacter within the family Chitinophagaceae. The major fatty acids of strain KIS20-3T were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and iso-C15 : 1 G, and the predominant isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone 7. The polar lipid profile comprised large amounts of phosphatidylethanolamine and one unknown polar lipid, and moderate or small amounts of four unknown aminophospholipids, two unknown aminolipids, three unknown lipids and one unknown phospholipid. The G+C content of the DNA of strain KIS20-3T was 55.7 mol%. On the basis of the results of the polyphasic characterization presented in this study, it is concluded that strain KIS20-3T represents a novel species of the genus Flavitalea, for which the name Flavitalea soli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KIS20-3T ( = KACC 17319T = JCM 19937T).

Chitinophaga rhizosphaerae sp. nov., isolated from rhizosphere soil of a tomato plant

An aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, non-spore-forming, non-flagellated, rod-shaped or filamentous bacterial strain, T16R-86T, was isolated from rhizosphere of a tomato plant collected from a farm on Buyeo-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, South Korea. It grew at the temperature range 10-37 °C (optimum, 28 °C) and pH range 6.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0), and tolerated up to 2 % (w/v) NaCl. According to 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain T16R-86T shared the highest similarity with Chitinophaga barathri YLT18T (96.8 %) and C. pinensis DSM 2588T (96.7 %), forming a subcluster with C. barathri YLT18T, C. cymbidii R156-2T and C. niabensis JS13-10T in the phylogenetic tree. The major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 1ω5c and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH. The predominant respiratory quinone was menaquinone MK-7. Polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, five unknown aminolipids, an unknown aminophospholipid, one unknown phospholipid and two unknown lipids. The DNA G+C content was 53.6 mol%. The phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data showed that strain T16R-86T represents a novel species of the genus Chitinophaga, for which the name Chitinophaga rhizosphaerae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is T16R-86T (=KACC 18790T=JCM 31600T).

Chujaibacter soli gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from soil

A Gram-staining-negative, aerobic, non-flagellated, rod-shaped bacterial strain, KIS55-21T, was isolated from a soil sample from Chuja Island, Jeju Province, Republic of Korea. Strain KIS55-21T grew optimally at pH 7.0, at 28–30°C and in the presence of 0% (w/v) NaCl. Neighbor-joining and maximum-likelihood trees based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain KIS55-21T fell within the family Xanthomonadaceae and was closely related to Metallibacterium scheffleri DKET. Strain KIS55-21T exhibited the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (92.6%) to that of M. scheffleri DKET, with similarities of less than 92.0% to those of the genera Dokdonella, Rhodanobacter, Aquimonas, and Frateuria. Strain KIS55-21T contained ubiquinone-8 (Q-8) as the predominant ubiquinone, iso-C17:0, summed feature 9 (iso-C17:1ω9c and/or C16:0 10-methyl), anteiso-C17:0 and C16:0 as the major fatty acids, and phosphatidylethanolamine, aminophospholipid, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine as the main polar lipids. The DNA G+C content of strain KIS55-21T was 65.9 mol%. Differential phenotypic and chemotaxonomic properties and phylogenetic data of strain KIS55-21T demonstrated that this strain is distinguishable from closely related genera within the family Xanthomonadaceae. On the basis of the data presented, strain KIS55-21T is considered to represent a novel genus and species, for which the name Chujaibacter soli gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KIS55-21T (=KACC 16971T =DSM 28578T).

Niastella gongjuensis sp. nov., isolated from greenhouse soil.

An aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, non-flagellated, long rod or rod-shaped bacterial strain, 5GH22-11(T), was isolated from a soil sample of a greenhouse in Gongju, Republic of Korea. According to 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain 5GH22-11(T) showed the highest sequence similarities with Niastella populi THYL-44(T) (97.1%), Niastella koreensis GR20-10T (95.7%) and Niastella yeongjuensis GR20-13(T) (95.6%), and < 3% sequence similarity with all other species with validly published names. The phylogenetic tree also showed strain 5GH22-11(T) formed a compact cluster with members of the genus Niastella. DNA-DNA hybridization revealed strain 5GH22-11(T) is a novel species, showing far less than 70% DNA-DNA relatedness with Niastella populi THYL-44(T). Strain 5GH22-11(T) contained iso-C15 : 0 (34.3%), iso-C17 : 0 3-OH (24.8%) and iso-C15 : 1 G (18.2%) as the major fatty acids; phosphatidylethanolamine, six unknown aminolipids, two unknown lipids and one unknown phospholipid as the polar lipids; and MK-7 as the predominant isoprenoid quinone. The DNA G+C content was 41.4 mol%. Based on these phylogenetic, physiological and chemotaxonomic data, it was demonstrated that strain 5GH22-11(T) represents a novel species of the genus Niastella, for which the name Niastella gongjuensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 5GH22-11(T) ( = KACC 17339(T) [corrected] = JCM 19941(T)).

Lactobacilus nuruki sp. nov., isolated from Nuruk, a Korean fermentation starter

A rod-shaped, Gram-stain-positive, non-flagellated, facultatively anaerobic bacterium, designated SYF10-1aT, was isolated from Nuruk, a Korean traditional fermentation starter. It grew at 4-40 °C (optimum 37 °C), at pH 3.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and with 0-5 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain SYF10-1aT belonged to the genus Lactobacillus and showed the highest sequence similarity of 98.7 % to Lactobacillus crustorum LMG 23699T. A comparison of two housekeeping genes, pheS and rpoA, supported the suggestion that strain SYF10-1aT fell within the radius of the genus Lactobacillus, but was clearly separated from its closest related species. The average nucleotide identity value and digital DNA-DNA hybridization value between strain SYF10-1aT and the most closely related species,L. crustorum LMG 23699T, were 80.5 and 33.3 %, respectively. The predominant cellular fatty acids were C16 : 0, C18 : 1ω9c, C18 : 1ω7c and summed feature 3 (including iso-C15 : 0 2-OH and/or C16 : 1ω7c). Polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, two unidentified aminolipids and two unidentified glycolipids. The cell-wall peptidoglycan was of the A4α type with an interpeptide bridge comprising l-Lys-d-Asp. The DNA G+C content was 34.2 mol%. On the basis of this taxonomic study, strain SYF10-1aT represents a novel species within the genus Lactobacillus, for which the name Lactobacillus nuruki sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SYF10-1aT (=KACC 18726T=NBRC 112011T).

Phreatobacter cathodiphilus sp. nov., isolated from a cathode of a microbial fuel cell

A novel bacterial strain, S-12T, of a member of the genus Phreatobacterwas isolated from a cathode of a microbial fuel cell from Suwon City, South Korea. Cells were Gram-staining-negative, aerobic, non-sporulating rods, motile by means of a polar flagellum, and formed white round colonies. The strain grew at the range of 10-40 °C (optimum, 28-30 °C), pH 6.0-10.0 (optimum 7.0-8.0) and 0-1 % NaCl. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed the relatedness of S-12T to Phreatobacter stygiusYC6-17T (98.2 %) and Phreatobacter oligotrophusPI_21T (98.1 %). The major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone Q-10. Polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine and an unidentified lipid. The major fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c). The DNA G+C content was 69.3 mol%. On the basis of its differences from species of the genus Phreatobacter with validly published names, strain S-12T is identified as representing a novel species, for which the proposed name is Phreatobactercathodiphilus sp. nov., with S-12T as the type strain (=KACC 18497T=JCM 31612T).

Simplicispira suum sp. nov., isolated from a dust collector at a pig farm

A novel Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, polar-flagellated and rod-shaped bacterium, designated SC1-8T, was isolated from a dust collector at a pig farm located in Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea. The strain grew within a temperature range of 4-37 °C (optimum, 28-30 °C), at pH 7.0-9.0 (pH 7.0-8.0) and with 0-2 % (w/v) NaCl (0 %). Colonies were white-beige, circular and convex after 4 days of incubation on Reasoners 2A agar. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain SC1-8T was a member of the genus Simplicispira, revealing the highest sequence similarities to Simplicispira limi EMB325T (97.9 %), Simplicispira psychrophila DSM 11588T (97.4 %), Acidovorax defluvii BSB411T (97.3 %), Simplicispira piscis RSG39T (97.1 %) and Simplicispira metamorpha DSM 1837T (97.0 %). The predominant respiratory quinone was Q-8. The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamone, diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol. The major fatty acids (>10 % of the total fatty acids) were composed of C16 : 0 and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c). The DNA G+C content was 63.3 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic evidence, strain SC1-8T is presented as a novel species, for which the name Simplicispira suum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SC1-8T (=KACC 19329T=NBRC 113111T).

Paenibacillus solanacearum sp. nov., isolated from rhizosphere soil of a tomato plant

The taxonomic position of a bacterial strain designated T16R-228T, isolated from a rhizosphere soil sample of a tomato plant collected from a farm in Buyeo, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea, was determined using a polyphasic approach. On the basis of morphological, genetic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, it was determined to belong to the genus Paenibacillus. It was an aerobic, Gram-stain-positive, non-motile, catalase-negative, oxidase-negative rod with peritrichous flagella. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, hydroxyl- phosphatidylethanolamine and one unidentified polar lipid. Menaquiones were MK-7. Predominant cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, C16 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0. DNA G+C content was 56.8 mol%. The phylogenetic tree constructed based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed the strain formed a clade with P. mucilaginosus VKPM B-7519T, P. edaphicus T7T, P. ehimensis KCTC 3748T, P. koreensis YC300T, P. tianmuensis B27T and P. elgii SD17T, showing the highest sequence similarity with P. mucilaginosus VKPM B-7519T (96.5 %). The polyphasic data supported that strain T16R-228T was clearly distinguished from its closely related species and represents a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus for which the name Paenibacillus solanacearum is proposed. The type strain is T16R-228T (=KACC 18654T=NBRC 111896T).