Jérémie Melleton

Global Lithium Resources and Sustainability Issues

Abstract This chapter provides data and information on the factors underpinning the current lithium demand/supply balance and its long-term evolution from a sustainable development perspective. Many issues outlined in this chapter are also applicable to other rare metals of strategic importance to advanced economies, including for the transition toward a “green,” low-carbon economy. After a warning about the issues related to data availability and reliability, it starts with an analysis of the current lithium demand through a presentation of the main lithium uses and an estimation of the future demand that could result from these uses. It then presents the supply side, by providing information on lithium minerals and carriers (brines), lithium deposit types, and their respective importance, with an estimate of the currently known resources, reserves, and production processes. Indications of capital expenditure and of operating costs related to the main production processes are given. Further on, issues related to Li recycling are discussed. In the concluding part, several factors that will determine the long-term demand/supply balance (2025–2030 and beyond) are discussed, highlighting the need for a mix of policy decisions, governance, and scientific innovations if the objective of a long-term balance is to be met.