Jeremy M. Jacobs

Physical activity, function, and longevity among the very old.

BACKGROUND Recommendations encouraging physical activity (PA) set no upper age limit, yet evidence supporting the benefits of PA among the very old is sparse. We examined the effects of continuing, increasing, or decreasing PA levels on survival, function, and health status among the very old. METHODS Mortality data from ages 70 to 88 years and health, comorbidity, and functional status at ages 70, 78, and 85 years were assessed through the Jerusalem Longitudinal Cohort Study (1990-2008). A representative sample of 1861 people born in 1920 and 1921 enrolled in this prospective study, resulting in 17 109 person-years of follow-up for all-cause mortality. RESULTS Among physically active vs sedentary participants, respectively, at age 70, the 8-year mortality was 15.2% vs 27.2% (P < .001); at age 78, the 8-year mortality was 26.1% vs 40.8% (P <.001); and at age 85 years, the 3-year mortality was 6.8% vs 24.4% (P < .001). In Cox proportional-hazards models adjusting for mortality risk factors, lower mortality was associated with PA level at ages 70 (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% confidence interval, 0.38-0.96), 78 (0.69; 0.48-0.98), and 85 (0.42; 0.25-0.68). A significant survival benefit was associated with initiating PA between ages 70 and 78 years (P = .04) and ages 78 and 85 years (P < .001). Participation in higher levels of PA, compared with being sedentary, did not show a dose-dependent association with mortality. The PA level at age 78 was associated with remaining independent while performing activities of daily living at age 85 (odds ratio, 1.92; 95% confidence interval, 1.11-3.33). CONCLUSIONS Among the very old, not only continuing but also initiating PA was associated with better survival and function. This finding supports the encouragement of PA into advanced old age.

Fatigue, Function, and Mortality in Older Adults

BACKGROUND Although fatigue is common among the elderly people, little is known concerning its relationship with mortality and function over extended periods of time among the very old. This study evaluates the association of fatigue with health, functional status, and mortality from ages 70-88 years. METHODS Mortality data from ages 70-88 years and both health and functional status at age 70, 78, and 85 years were assessed among a representative community-dwelling cohort born 1920-1921 from the Jerusalem Longitudinal Study (1990-2008). RESULTS At age 70, 78, and 85, fatigue prevalence was 29%, 53%, and 68%, respectively, with increased prevalence among women. Fatigue was associated with poorer health, function, and psychosocial parameters at all ages and greater likelihood to deteriorate in subsequent self-rated health (SRH), functional status, loneliness, depression, and physical activity level. After adjustment, fatigue at age 70 predicted poor subsequent SRH, difficulty in activities of daily living, reduced levels of physical activity, and poor sleep satisfaction, and at age 78, fatigue predicted subsequent depression. Hazard ratios for mortality among fatigued participants were significant after adjustment for numerous risk factors. The addition of physical activity level and/or depression reduced the significance of the relationship between fatigue and mortality. CONCLUSIONS Fatigue among the elderly people, up to and including the oldest old, has a significant negative impact on health status, function, and mortality. Pathways of action may be related to the complex relationship of fatigue with depression and levels of physical activity.

Chronic back pain among the elderly: prevalence, associations, and predictors.

Study Design. A longitudinal age homogeneous cohort study. Objective. To describe the prevalence, nature, and predictors of chronic back pain (CBP) in older people. Summary of Background Data. CBP is a growing source of morbidity among the elderly. Few longitudinal studies exist, and its time course and predictors are largely undefined. Methods. The Jerusalem Longitudinal Study assessed 277 subjects aged 70 years at baseline and 77 years at follow-up. Data collection included back pain symptoms, psychosocial, functional, and physical domains. Results. The prevalence of CBP increased from 44% to 58% at ages 70 and 77 years, respectively, while frequency and severity decreased. CBP was associated with female gender, economic difficulties, loneliness, fatigue, poor self-rated health, dependence in activities of daily living, joint pain, and obesity. Depression was associated at age 70 years, and unemployment, not leaving the house for leisure, poor sleep satisfaction, hypertension, and osteoporosis were at age 77 years. Predictors of CBP at age 77 years were female gender, loneliness, joint pain, hypertension, and preexisting CBP. Unemployment and not leaving the house for leisure showed a trend toward significance. Conclusion. CBP is increasingly common in the elderly. Psychosocial factors, female gender, hypertension, and existing joint pain identify individuals most at risk.

The impact of visual impairment on health, function and mortality

Background and aims: Our aim was to determine the impact of visual impairment on self-rated health, function and mortality amongst a community-dwelling elderly cohort. Methods: The study design was prospective and longitudinal, subjects being taken from an age-homogeneous, community-dwelling cohort comprising 452 subjects aged 70 in 1990 and 839 subjects aged 77 in 1998. Comprehensive data were collected by structured interviews and medical examinations carried out during home visits. Data included each subject’s demographic and socio-economic profile, medical history, physical findings, functional status and self-rated health status. Visual acuity was measured using a Snellen chart and visual impairment was defined as best-eye corrected visual acuity of 20/40 or worse on Snellen chart testing. Results: Measured and self-reported visual impairment correlated closely, and were significantly more prevalent amongst subjects with low education and poor financial status. Visually impaired subjects showed significantly greater dependence in ADL and IADL, poor self-rated health, less ability to rely on friends, increased loneliness and, in men aged 77, increased visits to the emergency room and hospital admissions. Visual impairment at age 70 significantly predicted poor self-rated health (p=0.029, OR 2.36, 95% CI 1.09–5.10), dependence in ADL (p=0.007, OR 2.91, 95% CI 1.34–6.33), general tiredness (p=0.037, OR 2.40, 95% CI 1.06–5.44), and mortality, with a two-and-a-half-fold increase in risk of death at seven years (p=0.0017,OR 2.84, 95% CI 1.48–5.46). Conclusions: Visual impairment in the elderly increases the risk of social, functional and medical decline.

Going Outdoors Daily Predicts Long-Term Functional and Health Benefits Among Ambulatory Older People:

Objective: This article examines the association between frequency of going out of the house and health and functional status among older people. Method: A randomly chosen cohort of ambulatory participants born in 1920 or 1921 from the Jerusalem Longitudinal Study underwent assessments for health, functional, and psychosocial variables at ages 70 and 77. Twelve-year mortality data were collected. Results: Women went out daily less than did men. Participants going out daily at age 70 reported significantly fewer new complaints at age 77 of musculoskeletal pain, sleep problems, urinary incontinence, and decline in activities of daily living (ADLs). Logistic regression analysis indicated that not going out daily at age 70 was predictive of subsequent dependence in ADL, poor self-rated health, and urinary incontinence at age 77. Discussion: Going out daily is beneficial among independent older people, correlating with reduced functional decline and improved health measures.

Changing Profile of Health and Function from Age 70 to 85 Years

Background: Old age has traditionally been considered to begin at age 65. The improving health and functional status observed among older people may necessitate reevaluation of this cut-off point. Objective: To present the changing prevalence of common geriatric syndromes, functional parameters, common disease status and health care utilization, at ages 70, 78 and 85, in order to help address the question of when does contemporary aging actually begin. Methods: Medical, psychosocial, cognitive, and functional status, and health service utilization at age 70, 78 and 85 were assessed through the Jerusalem Longitudinal Cohort Study (1990–2010), which prospectively followed a representative sample (born 1920–1921), of 1,861 people, all of whom underwent home-based comprehensive assessment. Results: At age 70, the cohort had good health, low comorbidity, preserved cognition, mobility and independence in basic and instrumental activities of daily activities (ADL). Rising comorbidity, declining cognitive status, increasing depression, and difficulty in ADLs were seen at 78. By age 85, compared to age 70, comorbidity had tripled, depression, hearing and visual impairment, falls, dizziness and mobility problems had doubled; 23% of subjects had cognitive impairment, 42.5% suffered urinary incontinence, and dependence in basic and instrumental ADLs was common (37.8 and 51.7%, respectively). Home care was 4.5, 10.1, and 24.6%, and hospitalization in the previous year occurred among 12.3, 18.8 and 27.8% at ages 70, 78 and 85, respectively. Conclusions: At age 70, the overall health profile was favorable, prevalence of geriatric syndromes was low, cognitive and functional status was preserved, and health service utilization was low. The progressive deterioration seen at ages 78 and more profoundly so at age 85, suggest that a cut-off point beyond age 70 years may serve to better define entry into old age.

Global Sleep Satisfaction of Older People: The Jerusalem Cohort Study

OBJECTIVES: To describe the nature of global sleep satisfaction (GSS) of older people and the factors associated with it.

Normal Body Mass Index Rather than Obesity Predicts Greater Mortality in Elderly People: The Jerusalem Longitudinal Study

OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between body mass index (BMI) and mortality in older people.

Cohort Profile: the Jerusalem longitudinal cohort study

Whilst it has been suggested that about 25% of the variability in human longevity is attributed to genetic influences, the remaining 75% is consequent upon a complex interplay of biological, environmental, social and culturally determined factors. In rising to the challenge of understanding the complexities of human ageing, a valuable tool to emerge in ageing research has been the longitudinal study, and early pioneering works in North America and Europe were instrumental in defining the emergence of modern geriatrics and gerontology. Undertaking such studies among diverse populations in different cultures is of value in furthering the understanding of universal ageing processes. Furthermore in many societies the oldest old are among the fastest growing sector of the population, and the need for basic definitions and descriptions of their patterns of need is a matter of pressing urgency for health care planners, ageing researchers and policy makers alike. After fruitful collaboration in the late 1980s with Alvar Svanborg, the leader of the Gottenberg Longitudinal Study of 70 year olds, we decided to initiate a long-term longitudinal study of ageing among Jerusalem residents, who are a uniquely heterogeneous elderly population, including immigrants from the America, Europe, Africa and Asia. The study, which was designed to follow a birth cohort from age 70 at baseline as they advanced with age, still remains the only such study of its kind both in scope and magnitude in the geographical region. Funding was provided in part by the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs, the National Insurance Institute (the Israeli Social Security administration), Eshel—the Association for the Planning and Development of Services for the Aged in Israel, as well as several private and charitable funds. Following a pilot feasibility study in 1989, with subsequent refinement of the study protocols and questionnaires, the Jerusalem Longitudinal Cohort study was established in 1990, with follow-up continuing up until the present time.

Holocaust Survivors in Old Age: The Jerusalem Longitudinal Study

OBJECTIVES: To examine the hypothesis that Holocaust exposure during young adulthood negatively affects physical aging, causing greater morbidity, faster deterioration in health parameters, and shorter survival.