Jérémy Mandin

Corridor Report on Belgium : the case of Moroccan and Turkish Immigrants.

This report compares two important corridor migrations to Belgium in order to better understand the variation in several dimensions of Turkish and Moroccan immigrants’ integration – in particular, labour market, education and citizenship. It is based on an original methodology combining three different data sources (an analysis of the legal and political frameworks, a quantitative analysis, and a survey). It aims to test the INTERACT project’s main hypothesis which conceives of integration as a three-way process. This report provides insight on integration from the immigration country perspective but also from the countries of origin; it appraises the impact that Turkey and Morocco may have on the integration of their migrants in Belgium. The main findings are the following. Firstly, the countries of origin may have an impact on integration when emigration starts. Secondly, countries of origin may have a positive or negative impact on some integration dimensions (citizenship) but no obvious impact on others (education and labour market). In their efforts to maintain and develop links and to protect migrants’ rights abroad, countries of origin can thus facilitate integration, but indirectly.

Countries of origin as organisers of emigration: Moroccans and Turks in Belgium.

This chapter compares two important migration corridors to Belgium in order to better understand variations across several dimensions of Turkish and Moroccan immigrants’ integration – in particular, the labour market, education, citizenship and residence. It provides insights on integration from the immigration country perspective as well as from the countries of origin, appraising the impact that Turkey and Morocco may have on the integration of their migrants in Belgium. The main findings are as follows. First, the countries of origin may have an impact on integration when emigration starts. Second, countries of origin may have a positive or negative impact on some integration dimensions (citizenship) but no obvious impact on others (education and labour market). In their efforts to develop and maintain links with migrants and to protect migrants’ rights abroad, countries of origin can facilitate integration, but only indirectly.

When Belgians Are the Migrants: An Overview of Narratives, Public Policies and Actors Framing the Question of Emigration in Belgium

Between its independence in 1830 and the beginning of the twentieth century, Belgium has experienced more emigration than immigration. Today emigration remains a secondary topic in the political debate, and thus related (state) public policies are still underdeveloped. Thus most of the emigration policies and programmes actually rely on a variety of actors. In other words, it seems difficult to give an account of the opportunities and obstacles that shape the international mobility of Belgian citizens by referring only to state-level policies. In addition, in the context of the federal organisation of the Belgian state, regional international institutions appear to have found an interest in strengthening ties with Belgian people abroad. In this chapter the ramifications of this multilevel approach for emigration and diaspora policies in Belgium are explored.

Corridor report on the Netherlands : the case of Turkish and Chinese immigrants

The Netherlands has been a country of immigration since 1945, when incoming migration first became more important than outward emigration (Vink 2007). Many Dutch citizens returned to the Netherlands over the course of the 1940s and 1950s as colonies, such as the former Dutch East Indies, became independent (Vink 2007). Furthermore, the Netherlands began to import foreign nationals in the 1960s as ‘guest workers’ (gastarbeiders) through bilateral agreements. Workers from Italy, Spain, and later from Turkey and Morocco, arrived in the country. Official recruitment of foreign workers ended in 1973, however immigration continued mainly through family migration or asylum seeking but also labour migration. In 2013, the Netherlands had a population of 16,778,025, around 4.7% of whom (796,235) were foreigners. Slightly less than half of this foreign-born population (47.8%) comes from other EU countries.1 However the criterion of nationality gives, at best,