Jesús M. Canto

Life Satisfaction and Perception of Happiness among University Students

The aim of this essay has been the evaluation of three orientations towards happiness: pleasure, meaning and engagement, as well as their relation to life satisfaction and the perception of happiness in a sample of 320 university students. The results show that the most used kind of orientation towards happiness is pleasure, followed by meaning, and finally engagement. It has also been found that pleasure is the orientation most closely associated to happiness while engagement seems to be more related to life satisfaction. These findings aim to the distinction between the concepts of happiness and life satisfaction and lead the attention to the actions which can improve the levels of happiness.

Celos y sexismo: un estudio comparativo entre una muestra española y una muestra cubana

Resumen El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar si existían diferencias entre hombres y mujeres en el tipo de infidelidad que más les afectaba (infidelidad sexual vs infidelidad emocional) en una muestra española (200 mujeres y 117 hombres) y en una muestra cubana (102 mujeres y 98 hombres), así como evaluar si el sexismo influía en la elección del tipo de infidelidad que más les molestaba. Se obtuvieron respuestas en el dilema (elegir entre la infidelidad sexual vs emocional), en la reacción emocional y en el dolor que provocaban ambas infidelidades. Se compararon los resultados obtenidos en la muestra española y en la muestra cubana. Se observó si los datos se adecuaban a los postulados evolucionistas que sostienen que los hombres se preocupan más por la infidelidad sexual y las mujeres por la infidelidad emocional. En la muestra española los hombres y las mujeres se preocuparon más por la infidelidad emocional. En la muestra cubana, los hombres se preocuparon más por la infidelidad sexual y las mujeres igualmente por los dos tipos de infidelidades. Fue analizada la relación entre el sexismo hostil y el sexismo benévolo con la infidelidad sexual y la infidelidad emocional.

Jealousy and infidelity: The role of gender identity and culture of honour

Abstract This research is aimed at examining whether gender and the culture of honour were associated with the type of infidelity (sexual or emotional) that is perceived as most disturbing. A total of 748 Spanish university students (336 men and 412 women), answered to six dilemmas which raised the type of infidelity that had greater impact on them (sexual or emotional), a scale of gender identity and a scale of culture of honour. The results showed that both men and women were more affected by emotional infidelity. In addition it was found that the effect of sex on the type of infidelity that stresses the participants more was moderated by sociocultural variables such as the culture of honour, masculinity and femininity.

The role of right-wing authoritarianism, sexism and culture of honour in rape myths acceptance / El papel del autoritarismo de derechas, del sexismo y de la cultura del honor en la aceptación de los mitos sobre la violación

Abstract The purpose of this work is to analyse how some ideological variables (ambivalent sexism, culture of honour, and right-wing authoritarianism) affect rape myths acceptance (RMA). Two hundred and fourteen university students (83 men and 131 women), mean age 20.39 years old, participated. The results show that there is a high correlation between RMA and hostile sexism, benevolent sexism, culture of honour, and right-wing authoritarianism. Hostile sexism and right-wing authoritarianism predict RMA in both male and female samples. Benevolent sexism predicts RMA in the female sample. In addition, in the male sample right-wing authoritarianism interacts with hostile sexism to predict RMA, while in the female sample right-wing authoritarianism interacts with benevolent sexism to predict RMA. These results show the close relationship existing between certain ideological variables and RMA.

Internet y desindividuación. Nuevas perspectivas sobre la desindividuación en la red: el modelo de identidad social de los fenómenos de desindividuación (SIDE)

Resumen Los fenómenos de la desindividuación en psicología social han estado ligados a las situaciones de anonimato y grupo, especialmente en contextos de masa o muchedumbre. La implantación progresiva de las Nuevas Tecnologías en la sociedad está haciendo que, cada vez más, se faciliten un mayor número de servicios mediante el ordenador. Algunos de estos servicios virtuales (chat, correo electrónico, foros, etc.) posibilitan que sus usuarios participen de forma multitudinaria y anónima. Esto ha suscitado el interés por investigar éste nuevo contexto de interacción social, donde pueden ponerse de manifiesto conductas de desindividuación. Ante esta nueva realidad social marcada por la comunicación mediada por ordenador, se presenta el modelo de Identidad Social de los fenómenos de Desindividuación (SIDE), como un modelo explicativo (normativo) y alternativo a las teorías tradicionales de la desindividuación.

Gender and Conflict Resolution Strategies in Spanish Teen Couples Their Relationship With Jealousy and Emotional Dependency

Previous research has pointed to the need to address the study of violence in teen couples. However, research has not delved into the study of the variables related to the different types of violence employed by boys and girls. The purpose of this study was to test whether gender, jealousy, and dependency predict specific strategies for conflict resolution (psychological aggression and mild physical aggression). Another objective of the study was to test gender differences in the conflict resolution strategies used by Spanish teen couples and to test the association between these variables and jealousy and emotional dependency. A sample of 296 adolescent high school students between 14 and 19 years of age of both genders from the south of Spain participated in this study. Hierarchical regression models were used to estimate the relationship between psychological aggression and mild physical aggression, and jealousy, and dependency. Results showed that jealousy correlated with psychological aggression and mild physical aggression in girls but not in boys. Psychological aggression and mild physical aggression were associated with dependency in boys. Girls scored higher in psychological aggression and jealousy than did boys. Finally, the interaction between jealousy and dependency predicted psychological aggression only in girls. These results highlight the need to address the role of the interaction between dependence and jealousy in the types of violence employed in teen dating. However, it is necessary to delve into the gender differences and similarities to develop appropriate prevention programs.

Los celos en la infidelidad emocional y en la infidelidad sexual: una perspectiva sociocognitivista

Resumen El propósito de esta investigación fue evaluar cómo afectaban el sexo y las dimensiones de las relaciones de pareja (sexual vs emocional) a la respuesta emocional ante una situación de infidelidad provocadora de celos. 492 personas (298 mujeres y 194 hombres) participaron en este estudio, indicando las reacciones emocionales que les provocaban una hipotética infidelidad emocional y una hipotética infidelidad sexual de su pareja. Los resultados revelaron que las mujeres experimentan una mayor intensidad emocional que los hombres ante ambos tipos de infidelidades (emocional y sexual) y que se sienten peor ante una infidelidad emocional. Por su parte los hombres se sienten peor ante una infidelidad sexual. Sin embargo, la importancia que les conceden a las dimensiones de las relaciones de pareja también influye en el tipo de infidelidad que más les estresa.

Exploring the Role of Aggressor’s Social Class in Rape and Its Relation to Right-Wing Authoritarianism and Social Dominance

The purpose of this research was to analyze whether the social class of the aggressor and the degree of right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance influence the blaming of the victim in a case of rape suffered by a woman. Participating in the study was a sample of 216 university students (82 men and 136 women). The participants read a rape scenario in which the aggressors social class was manipulated (high social class vs. low social class) and responded to a questionnaire about the blame of the victim, a questionnaire about right-wing authoritarianism, and a questionnaire about social dominance. The results show that the victim was blamed more when the aggressor was from a low social class and when the participants had high scores in right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance. They also reflect an interaction between the social class of the aggressor and social dominance: Participants who scored high in social dominance blamed the victim more when the aggressor was from a low social class.

Jealousy, Gender, and Culture of Honor: A Study in Portugal and Brazil

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to examine whether gender and culture of honor were associated with the type of infidelity (sexual or emotional) that affected our subjects more. Samples of 192 Portuguese university students (119 women and 73 men) and 415 Brazilian university students (214 men and 201 women) participated in this research. Participants responded to six dilemmas reflecting a type of infidelity (sexual or emotional), a gender scale, and a culture of honor scale. The results of both samples are compatible with the cultural theses about jealousy. Both men and women were more affected by emotional infidelity. In addition, it was found that the relationship between the sex of the participants and the type of infidelity that induced stress in them was affected by sociocultural variables, such as culture of honor, masculinity, and femininity. Some differences in the response patterns in the case of an infidelity, in both samples (Portuguese and Brazilian), are shown and discussed.

Culture of honour and the blaming of women in cases of rape / La cultura del honor y la inculpación de la mujer en casos de violación

Abstract The main objective of this research was to examine the influence of the culture of honour on victim blaming according to three types of rape scenarios involving the rape of a married woman (stranger rape vs. acquaintance rape vs. marital rape). A total of 262 university students (120 men and 142 women) participated in this study. Our results confirmed the influence of the culture of honour on the acquaintance rape scenario in the degree of victim blaming, followed by the marital rape scenario. In both scenarios the behaviour of the victim challenged the codes of the culture of honour. The results confirmed that the participants’ answers depended on the interaction of situational variables of a rape (type of scenarios) and the variables concerning the observer (the culture of honour).