Jingyan Tian

Effects of Prediabetes Mellitus Alone or Plus Hypertension on Subsequent Occurrence of Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes Mellitus: Longitudinal Study

Whether prediabetes mellitus alone or combined with other disorders means a higher risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) is still controversial. This study aimed to investigate the association between prediabetes mellitus and CVD and diabetes mellitus and to explore whether prediabetes mellitus alone or combined with other syndromes, such as hypertension, could promote CVD risks significantly. This longitudinal population-based study of 1609 residents from Shanghai in Southern China was conducted between 2002 and 2014. Participants with a history of CVD at baseline were excluded from analysis. Multivariate log-binomial regression models were used to adjust possible coexisting factors. Incidence of CVD during follow-up was 10.1%. After adjusting for age, sex, and other factors, the association between prediabetes mellitus and CVD was not observed. When hypertension was incorporated in stratifying factors, adjusted CVD risk was elevated significantly (odds ratio, 2.41; 95% confidence interval, 1.25–4.64) in prediabetes mellitus and hypertension combined group, and coexistence of diabetes mellitus and hypertension made CVD risk highly significantly increased, reaching 3.43-fold higher than the reference group. Blood glucose level within prediabetic range is significantly associated with elevated risks for diabetes mellitus after multivariable adjustment, but only when it is concurrent with other disorders, such as hypertension, it will significantly increase CVD risk.

Liraglutide ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by enhancing mitochondrial architecture and promoting autophagy through the SIRT1/SIRT3–FOXO3a pathway

Overwhelming oxidative stress is implicated as crucial in the pathogenesis of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Liraglutide, a well‐established antidiabetes drug, was recently reported to ameliorate NAFLD with an elusive mechanism. We used a mouse model to examine whether liraglutide could ameliorate NAFLD and explored the possible mechanisms.

Metabolic Biomarkers for Prognostic Prediction of Pre-diabetes: results from a longitudinal cohort study

To investigate the metabolic biomarkers of predicting the transition from pre-diabetes (pre-DM) to normal glucose regulation (NGR) and diabetes (DM) in a longitudinal cohort study. 108 participants with pre-DM were followed up for ten years and divided into 3 groups according to different glycemic outcomes. 20 participants progressed to DM, 20 regressed to NGR, and 68 remained at pre-DM. Alterations in plasma metabolites in these groups were evaluated by untargeted ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS). Twenty three metabolites related to glycerophospholipid metabolism, oxidation and antioxidation were associated with the process from pre-DM to NGR, while twenty two metabolites related to amino acid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism and mitochondrial β-oxidation played important roles in the progression to DM. Results from stepwise logistic regression analysis showed that five biomarkers (20-Hydroxy-leukotriene E4, Lysopc(20:4), 5-methoxytryptamine, Endomorphin-1, Lysopc(20:3)) were good prediction for the restoration to NGR, and five biomarkers (Iso-valeraldehyde, linoleic acid, Lysopc(18:1), 2-Pyrroloylglycine, Dityrosine) for the development of DM. The findings suggest that the combination of these potential metabolites may be used for the prognosis of pre-DM. Targeting the pathways that involved in these prognostic biomarkers would be beneficial for the regression to NGR and the early prevention of DM among pre-DM.

Gender-related affecting factors of prediabetes on its 10-year outcome

Objective To investigate the gender-related affecting factors of prediabetes on its 10-year outcome, in a longitudinal study. Methods and results This longitudinal population-based study was performed in the Ping Liang community, Yangpu district, Shanghai, between November 2002 and October 2014. There were 334 participants with prediabetes enrolled in the final analysis. While a certain proportion of the prediabetic population progress to diabetes, the majority remain at the same level or even revert to normal glucose regulation. No gender difference was observed in the change of glucose regulation. However, results from an adjusted logistic regression analysis in males showed that physical activity was significantly associated with both elevated odds of reverting to normal glucose regulation (active vs inactive, OR 3.00, 95% CI 1.09 to 8.30) and developing diabetes (OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.92). Age, baseline 2 h glucose, triglycerides and smoking status were also risk factors significantly associated with diabetes development; while for females, waist circumference played a key role in the outcome. Every unit elevation of waist circumference was associated with lower odds of reverting to normal glucose regulation (OR, 0.94; 95% CI 0.89 to 0.98) and higher odds of progressing to diabetes (OR, 1.05; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.10). Baseline hypertension and family history of diabetes carried higher risk for developing diabetes as well. Conclusions Physical activity in males and waist circumference in females are important factors predicting both progression to diabetes and regression to normal glucose regulation, indicating that more exercise for males and lower waist circumference for females are beneficial for prediabetes to achieve reversion.

Endurance exercise ameliorates low birthweight developed catch-up growth related metabolic dysfunctions in a mouse model

Low birthweight is known to predict high risk of metabolic diseases in adulthood, while regular endurance exercises are believed sufficient to improve metabolic dysfunction. In this study, we established a mouse model to determine whether long-term exercise training could ameliorate catch-up growth, and we explored the possible underlying mechanisms. By restricting maternal food intake during the last week of gestation, we successfully produced low birthweight pups. Further, normal birthweight mice and low birthweight mice were randomly distributed into one of three groups receiving either a normal fat diet, high fat diet, or high fat diet with exercise training. The growth/metabolism, mitochondrial content and functions were assessed at 6 months of age. Through group comparisons and correlation analyses, the 4th week was demonstrated to be the period of crucial growth and chosen to be the precise point of intervention, as the growth rate at this point is significantly correlated with body weight, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT), Lees index and fat mass in adulthood. In addition, regular endurance exercises when started from 4 weeks remarkably ameliorated low birthweight outcomes and induced catch-up growth and glucose intolerance in the 25th week. Furthermore, real-time PCR and western blot results indicated that the effect of long-term exercise on mitochondrial functions alleviated catch-up related metabolic dysfunction. To conclude, long-term exercise training from the 4th week is sufficient to ameliorate catch-up growth and related metabolic disturbances in adulthood by promoting mitochondrial functions in skeletal muscle.

Contribution of birth weight and adult waist circumference to cardiovascular disease risk in a longitudinal study

To determine the association of birth weight (BW) and waist circumference (WC) on cardiovascular disease (CVD). The longitudinal cohort study consisted of 745 participants who were able to provide their birth weight information and were followed from 2002 to 2014. During the follow-up, 83 events of CVD were confirmed. After adjusting for confounding factors, subjects with birth weight <2500 g were at a significantly increased CVD risk when compared to subjects with birth weight between 2500–3999 g (OR 2·47, 95%CI, 1·07–5·71). When high waist circumference (HWC), a measurement of adult obesity, was incorporated into stratifying factors according to presence or absence of low birth weight (LBW, birth weight <2500 g), adjusted CVD risk was significantly elevated in -LBW/+ HWC group (OR 1·94, 95%CI, 1·10–3·43) and marginally significantly increased in +LBW/-HWC group (OR 2·94, 95%CI, 1·00–8·64). CVD risk was highest in subjects with LBW and HWC (+LBW/+HWC), OR 4·74 (95%CI, 1·48–15·21). Higher waist circumference in adulthood is an especially strong risk factor for cardiovascular disease among those small at birth. In this cohort, birth size and adiposity in adulthood interact to predict events of cardiovascular disease.

Effects of High Blood Pressure on Cardiovascular Disease Events Among Chinese Adults With Different Glucose Metabolism

OBJECTIVE To investigate cardiovascular disease (CVD) risks caused by blood pressure (BP) of 130–139/80–89 mmHg among Chinese adults with different glucose metabolism. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A prospective population-based cohort of 2,132 adults in Shanghai was established in 2002, and CVD information was collected during 10.9 years of follow-up. After assessing the association between BP categories and incident CVD, we analyzed the risk for CVD by blood glucose categories and BP categories combined by using multiple Cox regression analysis among 1,419 participants at follow-up. RESULTS The corresponding incidence of CVD per 1,000 person-years for the BP <130/80 mmHg, 130–139/80–89 mmHg, and ≥140/90 mmHg or treated groups were 3.0, 6.0, and 13.9, respectively. After adjusting for age, sex, and other factors, BP ≥140/90 mmHg was significantly associated with a higher CVD risk in general (hazard ratio 2.68 [95% CI 1.36–5.25]) and in various blood glucose categories (normoglycemia 2.59, prediabetes 3.03, diabetes mellitus [DM] 4.98). However, BP of 130–139/80–89 mmHg was significantly associated with a higher CVD risk in an estimated baseline 10-year atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) risk ≥10% (3.82 [1.42–9.78]) or DM (3.54 [1.05–11.88]) but not in the general population or for a baseline 10-year ASCVD risk <10%, normoglycemia, or prediabetes. CONCLUSIONS BP of 130–139/80–89 mmHg may result in a significantly higher CVD risk in Chinese adults with an estimated 10-year ASCVD risk ≥10% or DM but not in those with normoglycemia or prediabetes.

Author Correction: Metabolic Biomarkers for Prognostic Prediction of Pre-diabetes: results from a longitudinal cohort study

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML version of this paper. The error has been fixed in the paper.

Antioxidant MMCC ameliorates catch-up growth related metabolic dysfunction

Postnatal catch-up growth may be related to reduce mitochondrial content and oxidation capacity in skeletal muscle. The aim of this study is to explore the effect and mechanism of antioxidant MitoQuinone mesylate beta cyclodextrin complex (MMCC) ameliorates catch-up growth related metabolic disorders. Catch-up growth mice were created by restricting maternal food intake during the last week of gestation and providing high fat diet after weaning. Low birthweight mice and normal birthweight controls were randomly subjected to normal fat diet, high fat diet and high fat diet with MMCC drinking from the 4th week. MMCC treatment for 21 weeks slowed down the catch up growth and ameliorated catch-up growth related obesity, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. MMCC administration significantly inhibited the peroxidation of the membrane lipid and up-regulated the antioxidant enzymes Catalase and MnSOD. In addition, MMCC treatment effectively enhanced mitochondrial functions in skeletal muscle through the up-regulation of the ATP generation, and the promotion of mitochondrial replication and remodeling. To conclude, this study demonstrates that antioxidant MMCC effectively ameliorates catch-up growth related metabolic dysfunctions by increasing mitochondrial functions in skeletal muscle.

Effects of Prediabetes Mellitus Alone or Plus Hypertension on Subsequent Occurrence of Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes Mellitus

Whether prediabetes mellitus alone or combined with other disorders means a higher risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) is still controversial. This study aimed to investigate the association between prediabetes mellitus and CVD and diabetes mellitus and to explore whether prediabetes mellitus alone or combined with other syndromes, such as hypertension, could promote CVD risks significantly. This longitudinal population-based study of 1609 residents from Shanghai in Southern China was conducted between 2002 and 2014. Participants with a history of CVD at baseline were excluded from analysis. Multivariate log-binomial regression models were used to adjust possible coexisting factors. Incidence of CVD during follow-up was 10.1%. After adjusting for age, sex, and other factors, the association between prediabetes mellitus and CVD was not observed. When hypertension was incorporated in stratifying factors, adjusted CVD risk was elevated significantly (odds ratio, 2.41; 95% confidence interval, 1.25–4.64) in prediabetes mellitus and hypertension combined group, and coexistence of diabetes mellitus and hypertension made CVD risk highly significantly increased, reaching 3.43-fold higher than the reference group. Blood glucose level within prediabetic range is significantly associated with elevated risks for diabetes mellitus after multivariable adjustment, but only when it is concurrent with other disorders, such as hypertension, it will significantly increase CVD risk.