Jo Ann C. Carland

Who is an Entrepreneur? is a Question Worth Asking

This paper is a response to Gartners critique of definitions posited by Carland, Hoy, Boulton and Carland (1984) for “entrepreneur” and “small business owner.” The paper concludes that both trait and behavioral approaches to research are necessary in order to understand the concept of entrepreneurship.

An Empirical Investigation into the Distinctions between Male and Female Entrepreneurs and Managers

DRS. JO ANN C. CARIAND AND JAMES W. Carland lecture at the School of Business, Western Carolina University, USA. This paper describes an empirical investigation into the difference between male and female entrepreneurs and managers as to their preferences for innovation, risk taking propensities, need for achievement and cognitive styles. The survey covered 848 individuals: 82 male entrepreneurs, 32 female entrepreneurs, 303 male managers, 88 female managers, 239 male small business owners, and 104 female small business owners. The study focused on entrepreneurs and managers. The results support the existence of a definitive difference between preference for innovation, propensity for risk taking and need for achievement between entrepreneurs and managers. Both male and female entrepreneurs show stronger personality traits than their management counterparts although there are no significant differences between entpreneurs by sex with regard to these characteristics. The findings are consistent with the classic portrait of an entrepreneur but also demonstrate that the traditional traits apply equally to females. There is support for the idea that corporate life is unsatisfying for some females in the personality trait differences which exist between male and female managers.

An Assessment of the Psychological Determinants of Planning in Small Businesses

DR. JAMES W. CARLAND, DR. JO ANN C.CARLAND and CARROLL D. ABY. Jr. are with the Western Carolina University School of Business. North Carolina, United State of America. A sample of 368 small business owners/managers were divided into three groups: those who use formal, written plans; those who employ informal, unwritten plans; and non-planners. The groups were compared on their need for achievement, innovative preferences and risk-taking propensity as well as education level, sales, management structure, and number of employees. The group employing written plans was found to have significantly higher need for achievement, innovative preference and risk-taking propensity than the group employing unwritten plans and non-planners.

Cognitive Styles and the Education of Computer Information Systems Students

AbstractThe Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, an instrument that measures cognitive styles, was administered to 92 computer information systems students. Aspects of cognitive psychology that are pertinent to business school educators is reviewed. The implications of the typology of the CIS students is investigated with regard to its impact on the university and the educational process.

Proposed codification of ethicacy in the publication process

The pressure for publication is ever present in academe. Rules for submission are elucidated by conferences, proceedings and journals for the benefit of authors; however, the rules for reviewers and editors are not so well established or consistent. This treatise examines examples of abuse of the editorial process and points to a need for formal recognition of rules for review. The manuscript culminates with proposed Codes of Ethics for researchers, referees and editors and suggestions for improvement of the peer review process.

The résumé: what value is there in references?

This article reports the results of an empirical investigation of the preferences of personnel managers in Fortune 500 firms concerning the value of references on resumes. The study was conducted by a group of students and 228 of the 500 managers responded. The findings show that applicants should not include references in their resumes but should indicate that they are prepared to provide references upon request. The findings also show that references are of great importance in obtaining interviews and positions.