João M. C. Santos

Photogrammetric endoscope for measurement of inner cylindrical surfaces using fringe projection

We present a photogrammetric endoscope to measure three dimensional (3D) shapes of inner cylindrical surfaces by fringe projection. The basic configuration includes two identical cameras aligned with the optical axis and facing each other, conical lenses, and a 360 degrees helical fringe projector. The helical fringe pattern is phase shifted and acquired by both cameras. The phase patterns are used to acquire data from the surface in a regular cylindrical mesh. A prototype was built, calibrated, and tested. We present the results and an application to inspect internal welding seams and misalignment of welded joints in 150 mm (6 in.) diameter pipelines.

Monitoring of flexible oil lines using FBG sensors

Thorough the last two decades, oil and gas reservoirs discovered and developed in deep and ultra deep waters have continuously posed challenges to petroleum exploration and production activities in offshore basins. Maintaining optimum flow rates of oil and gas from subsea wellheads to surface processing facilities demands new technological solutions for petroleum companies operating in such frontiers. Integrity assurance of structures, equipment, and flow lines plays a major role in maximizing offshore production systems availability while at the same time keeping safety, operational, and environmental risks at minimum levels. In this scenario, implementation of permanent health monitoring solutions must take into account the environment of oil and gas production facilities, where installations in hazardous classified areas require explosion and fire-proof instrumentation. In this context, optical fiber sensors offer an attractive alternative to electrical sensing technologies, which, until now, have been the primary choice by maintenance personnel at offshore production units.

Flexible riser monitoring using hybrid magnetic/optical strain gage techniques through RLS adaptive filtering

Flexible riser is a class of flexible pipes which is used to connect subsea pipelines to floating offshore installations, such as FPSOs (floating production/storage/off-loading unit) and SS (semisubmersible) platforms, in oil and gas production. Flexible risers are multilayered pipes typically comprising an inner flexible metal carcass surrounded by polymer layers and spiral wound steel ligaments, also referred to as armor wires. Since these armor wires are made of steel, their magnetic properties are sensitive to the stress they are subjected to. By measuring their magnetic properties in a nonintrusive manner, it is possible to compare the stress in the armor wires, thus allowing the identification of damaged ones. However, one encounters several sources of noise when measuring electromagnetic properties contactlessly, such as movement between specimen and probe, and magnetic noise. This paper describes the development of a new technique for automatic monitoring of armor layers of flexible risers. The proposed approach aims to minimize these current uncertainties by combining electromagnetic measurements with optical strain gage data through a recursive least squares (RLSs) adaptive filter.

Laser Triangulation Profilometer for Inner Surface Inspection of 100 millimeters (4") Nominal Diameter

A new axis-symmetrical system was developed for inner surface pipe measurement focused in the Oil & Gas industry, aiming the quantification of corrosion and others inner surface anomalies. The measurement principle, calibration, analysis of the measurement errors and laboratory and field results are described.

Optical profilometer using laser based conical triangulation for inspection of inner geometry of corroded pipes in cylindrical coordinates

An axis-symmetrical optical laser triangulation system was developed by the authors to measure the inner geometry of long pipes used in the oil industry. It has a special optical configuration able to acquire shape information of the inner geometry of a section of a pipe from a single image frame. A collimated laser beam is pointed to the tip of a 45° conical mirror. The laser light is reflected in such a way that a radial light sheet is formed and intercepts the inner geometry and forms a bright laser line on a section of the inspected pipe. A camera acquires the image of the laser line through a wide angle lens. An odometer-based triggering system is used to shot the camera to acquire a set of equally spaced images at high speed while the device is moved along the pipe’s axis. Image processing is done in real-time (between images acquisitions) thanks to the use of parallel computing technology. The measured geometry is analyzed to identify corrosion damages. The measured geometry and results are graphically presented using virtual reality techniques and devices as 3D glasses and head-mounted displays. The paper describes the measurement principles, calibration strategies, laboratory evaluation of the developed device, as well as, a practical example of a corroded pipe used in an industrial gas production plant.

AVALIAÇÃO DO FERRITOSCÓPIO PARA QUANTIFICAÇÃO DE FERRITA DELTA EM AÇOS INOXIDÁVEIS SUPERDUPLEX

* Contribuição técnica ao 72o Congresso Anual da ABM – Internacional e ao 17o ENEMET Encontro Nacional de Estudantes de Engenharia Metalúrgica, de Materiais e de Minas, parte integrante da ABM Week, realizada de 02 a 06 de outubro de 2017, São Paulo, SP, Brasil. AVALIAÇÃO DO FERRITOSCÓPIO PARA QUANTIFICAÇÃO DE FERRITA DELTA EM AÇOS INOXIDÁVEIS SUPERDUPLEX* Cesar Giron Camerini Vitor Manoel de Araújo Silva Iane de Araújo Soares Rafael Wagner Florêncio dos Santos Julio Endress Ramos João Marcio de Castilho Santos Gabriela Ribeiro Pereira Resumo Os aços inoxidáveis bifásicos superduplex estão presentes em diversos setores da engenharia devido a versatilidade oferecida em termos de propriedades mecânicas e resistência à corrosão. Para garantir a qualidade destes aços, avaliar o teor de ferrita presente na microestrutura é de grande relevância para indústria uma vez que diversas propriedades do material dependem do controle deste teor. Durante a fabricação de equipamentos ou inspeções de campo uma das formas mais viáveis de monitorar o teor de ferrita é através do ferritoscópio, dada sua portabilidade e fácil interpretação. No entanto, observou-se que a forma usual de calibração do ferritoscópio pode levar a medidas imprecisas, principalmente na avaliação dos aços superduplex. A fim de analisar esta influência, foram realizados diferentes testes de caracterização microestrutural através de microscopia ótica, difração de raio-x e o magnetômetro de amostra vibrante, para confrontar com medidas obtidas com ferritoscópio. Conclui-se que para elevados teores de ferrita, a calibração do ferritoscópio realizada a partir dos padrões fornecidos pelos fabricantes apresentam desvios significativos dos teores encontrados a partir da caracterização com equipamentos de laboratório. O presente trabalho apresenta uma solução para utilização do ferritoscópio para uma quantificação mais acurada do teor de ferrita nos aços inoxidáveis superduplex. Palavras-chave: Aço inoxidável superduplex; Ferritoscópio; procedimentos de calibração; Difração de raio-x.

Development of an optical system for geometric inspection of external surface of pipelines

This paper presents a new configuration of an optical measurement system using fringe projection for 3D shape measurement using active photogrammetry. The system was optimized to measure 3D geometries of external surfaces of pipes. The system was mainly designed for periodic inspections of pipelines submitted to environmental induced corrosion and local dents. It has a compact design and it is suitable to inspect pipes with diameters 250 mm (10”) and up. The software is able to compute geometric parameters of the inspected area like depth, volume and length of the damaged areas. The developed system uses a special compact fringe projector composed of an acrylic tube printed with two sinusoidal fringe patterns with two different frequencies, a set of LEDs forming a line light source and a special phase shifting approach with absolute phase calculation procedure. The three-dimensional surface of the pipe is measured and displayed using virtual reality techniques. The measured area is 300 mm x 200 mm. The paper also presents results of quantitative evaluations as well application results.