Job Metsemakers

Multimorbidity in General Practice: Prevalence, Incidence, and Determinants of Co-Occurring Chronic and Recurrent Diseases

Increasing numbers of people are found to have two or more diseases at the same time, which is termed multimorbidity. We studied the prevalence, incidence, and determinants of multimorbidity and the statistical clustering of chronic and recurrent diseases in a general practice setting. Prevalence of multimorbidity increased with all age groups from 10% in the 0-19-year-old age group up to 78% in subjects aged 80 and over. Increasing age, lower level of education, and public health insurance were related to the occurrence of morbidity, but even more strongly to the occurrence and degree of multimorbidity. The one-year incidence of multimorbidity (the new occurrence of two or more diseases in one year) was related to increasing age, public health insurance, and the presence of prevalent diseases at baseline. Statistical clustering of diseases was stronger than expected, especially among the younger subjects.

Higher incidence of depression preceding the onset of Parkinson's disease: a register study.

Although case histories of depression preceding Parkinsons disease (PD) point to a possible pathophysiological relationship between these two disorders, there is as yet no epidemiological evidence to support this view. We compared the incidence of depression in patients later diagnosed with PD with that of a matched control population. Using data from an ongoing general practice‐based register study, the lifetime incidence of depressive disorder was calculated for patients until their diagnosis of PD and compared with that of a matched control population from the same register. At the time of analysis, the register held information on 105,416 people. At the time of their diagnosis of PD, 9.2% of the patients had a history of depression, compared with 4.0% of the control population (χ2 = 22.388, df = 1, P < 0.001). The odds ratio for a history of depression for these patients was 2.4 (95% CI: 2.1–2.7). We concluded that the higher incidence of depression in patients who were later diagnosed with PD supports the hypothesis of there being a biological risk factor for depression in these patients.

Increased risk of Parkinson’s disease after depression A retrospective cohort study

BackgroundDepression has been linked to the occurrence of a number of somatic diseases. There are no data for PD. ObjectiveTo determine if depression is associated with a subsequent risk for PD. MethodsA retrospective cohort study design based in general practice was applied. All subjects diagnosed with depression between 1975 and 1990 were included and matched with subjects with the same birth year who were never diagnosed with depression. Follow-up ended at April 30, 2000. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% CI were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age, sex, and socioeconomic status. Subgroups based on sex and age at diagnosis of depression were evaluated separately. ResultsAmong the 1,358 depressed subjects, 19 developed PD, and among the 67,570 nondepressed subjects, 259 developed PD. The HR (95% CI) for depressed vs nondepressed subjects was 3.13 (1.95 to 5.01) in multivariable analysis. Associations in subgroups were comparable with the overall association. ConclusionA strong positive association was found between depression and subsequent incidence of D.

Reflection: a link between receiving and using assessment feedback.

Problem statement and background Feedback is essential to learning and practice improvement, yet challenging both to provide and receive. The purpose of this paper was to explore reflective processes which physicians described as they considered their assessment feedback and the perceived utility of that reflective process. Methods This is a qualitative study using principles of grounded theory. We conducted interviews with 28 family physicians participating in a multi-source feedback program and receiving scores across the spectrum from high to low. Results Feedback, especially negative feedback, evoked reflective responses. Reflection seemed to be the process through which feedback was or was not assimilated and appeared integral to decisions to accept and use the feedback. Facilitated reflection upon feedback was viewed as a positive influence for assimilation and acceptance. Conclusions Receiving feedback inconsistent with self-perceptions stimulated physicians’ reflective processes. The process of reflection appeared instrumental to feedback acceptance and use, suggesting that reflection may be an important educational focus in the formative assessment and feedback process.

Clinical effectiveness of online computerised cognitive-behavioural therapy without support for depression in primary care: randomised trial

BACKGROUND Computerised cognitive-behavioural therapy (CCBT) might offer a solution to the current undertreatment of depression. AIMS To determine the clinical effectiveness of online, unsupported CCBT for depression in primary care. METHOD Three hundred and three people with depression were randomly allocated to one of three groups: Colour Your Life; treatment as usual (TAU) by a general practitioner; or Colour Your Life and TAU combined. Colour Your Life is an online, multimedia, interactive CCBT programme. No assistance was offered. We had a 6-month follow-up period. RESULTS No significant differences in outcome between the three interventions were found in the intention-to-treat and per protocol analyses. CONCLUSIONS Online, unsupported CCBT did not outperform usual care, and the combination of both did not have additional effects. Decrease in depressive symptoms in people with moderate to severe depression was moderate in all three interventions. Online CCBT without support is not beneficial for all individuals with depression.

Nurse practitioners substituting for general practitioners: randomized controlled trial

AIM This paper is a report of a study conducted to evaluate process and outcomes of care provided to patients with common complaints by general practitioners or specially trained nurse practitioners as first point of contact. BACKGROUND Studies in the United States of America and Great Britain show that substituting nurse practitioners for general practitioners results in higher patient satisfaction and higher quality of care. As the American and British healthcare system and settings differ from that in The Netherlands, a Dutch trial was conducted. METHODS A total of 1501 patients in 15 general practices were randomized to consultation by a general practitioner or a nurse practitioner. Data were collected over a 6-month period in 2006 by means of questionnaires, extracting medical records from practice computer systems and recording the length of consultations. FINDINGS In both groups, the patients highly appreciated the quality of care. No statistically significant differences were found in health status, medical resource consumption and compliance of practical guidelines in primary care in The Netherlands. Patients in the NP intervention group were more often invited to re-attend, had more follow-up consultations and their consultations took statistically significantly longer. CONCLUSION Nurse practitioners and general practitioners provide comparable care. Our findings support an increased involvement of specially trained nurse practitioners in the Dutch primary care and contribute to knowledge of the effectiveness of care provision by nurse practitioners from a national and international perspective.

Economic evaluation of online computerised cognitive–behavioural therapy without support for depression in primary care: randomised trial

BACKGROUND Evidence about the cost-effectiveness and cost utility of computerised cognitive-behavioural therapy (CCBT) is still limited. Recently, we compared the clinical effectiveness of unsupported, online CCBT with treatment as usual (TAU) and a combination of CCBT and TAU (CCBT plus TAU) for depression. The study is registered at the Netherlands Trial Register, part of the Dutch Cochrane Centre (ISRCTN47481236). AIMS To assess the cost-effectiveness of CCBT compared with TAU and CCBT plus TAU. METHOD Costs, depression severity and quality of life were measured for 12 months. Cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analyses were performed from a societal perspective. Uncertainty was dealt with by bootstrap replications and sensitivity analyses. RESULTS Costs were lowest for the CCBT group. There are no significant group differences in effectiveness or quality of life. Cost-utility and cost-effectiveness analyses tend to be in favour of CCBT. CONCLUSIONS On balance, CCBT constitutes the most efficient treatment strategy, although all treatments showed low adherence rates and modest improvements in depression and quality of life.

Challenges in multisource feedback: intended and unintended outcomes

Context  Multisource feedback (MSF) is a type of formative assessment intended to guide learning and performance change. However, in earlier research, some doctors questioned its validity and did not use it for improvement, raising questions about its consequential validity (i.e. its ability to produce intended outcomes related to learning and change). The purpose of this qualitative study was to increase understanding of the consequential validity of MSF by exploring how doctors used their feedback and the conditions influencing this use.

Engaged lifestyle and cognitive function in middle and old-aged, non-demented persons: a reciprocal association?

Summary. Some studies have shown that cognitive function is positively affected by an engaged and active lifestyle. However, a recent study found evidence for an opposite causal direction, i.e., persons with good cognitive function more often start to engage in leisure-time activities. Here, we longitudinally examine the causal direction of the association between an engaged lifestyle and cognitive function in middle and old-aged Dutch men and women.    The participants in the prospective cohort study “Maastricht Aging Study” (MAAS) were recruited from a register of 15 family practices in the South of the Netherlands. There were 830 non-demented men and women, aged 49 to 81 in 1993–1995 (baseline phase). They were re-examined three years later (follow-up phase). During both phases, all persons reported on their participation in mental, social, and physical activities. Six separate neuropsychological tests, including the Mini-Mental State Examination, were used to define cognitive function at baseline and follow-up.    All three activities measured were negatively related to cognitive decline between both phases. Effects were moderate, but consistent. Persons participating in all three activities were particularly protected against longitudinal decline. Furthermore, persons with the best baseline cognitive performance were more likely to increase their number of activities during follow-up compared with persons with the poorest scores.    In summary, an engaged lifestyle and cognitive function mutually influence each other in middle and old aged, non-demented persons. This reciprocal association is characterized by simultaneous positive effects of leisure-time activities and good cognitive function on cognitive function and leisure-time activities, respectively. This reciprocal association may create a self-reinforcing, beneficial or adverse life-course in middle and old age.Zusammenfassung. Verschiedene Untersuchungen haben ergeben, dass ein engagierter Lebensstil die kognitive Funktion positiv beeinflusst. Jedoch, eine rezente Untersuchung hat eine entgegengesetzte kausale Richtung dargestellt, d.h. dass Personen, die gut kognitiv funktionieren, häufiger und früher Freizeitaktivitäten entwickeln. In dieser Studie haben wir den kausalen Zusammenhang zwischen einem aktiven Lebensstil und der kognitiven Funktion bei älteren und alten niederländischen Männern und Frauen erforscht.   Für diese prospektive Kohorten-Untersuchung „Maastricht Aging Study (MAAS)“ entnahmen wir die Teilnehmernamen einem ärztlichen Register von 15 Praxen im Süden der Niederlande. In den Jahren 1993–1995 untersuchten wir 830 nicht-demente Männer und Frauen im Altersbereich von 49–81 Jahren (erste Phase). Nach drei Jahren wurde die Untersuchung wiederholt (zweite Phase). In beiden Phasen wurden die Personen um ihre mentalen, sozialen und physischen Aktivitäten befragt. Damit das kognitive Funktionieren in der ersten und zweiten Phase festgestellt werden konnte, verwendeten wir sechs unterschiedliche neuropsychologische Tests, einschließlich der Mini Mental State Examination.    Die drei untersuchten Aktivitäten beeinträchtigten, jede für sich die kognitive Leistung zwischen den beiden Phasen. Die Effekte waren zwar bescheiden, aber konsistent. Die Personen, die alle drei Aktivitäten ausübten, waren besonders vor kognitiver Beeinträchtigung geschützt. Die Personen, die ihre Aktivitäten zwischen der ersten und zweiten Phase erweitern, waren auch diejenigen, die in der ersten Phase am besten kognitiv funktionierten.    Kurz gefasst, ein aktiver Lebensstil und die kognitive Funktion beeinflussen sich bei nicht dementen Personen mittleren und höheren Alters gegenseitig und im positiven Sinne. Diese reziproke Assoziation wird durch simultane, positive Effekte von Freizeitaktivitäten auf die kognitive Funktion einerseits, und von der kognitiven Funktion auf die Freizeitaktivitäten andererseits charakterisiert. Diese reziproke Assoziation kann bewirken, dass sich – sich selbst verstärkend – ein positiver oder aber ungünstiger Lebensverlauf in mittlerem und höherem Alter entwickelt.

Mild Hearing Impairment Can Reduce Verbal Memory Performance in a Healthy Adult Population

We studied to what extent immediate and delayed recall in an auditory verbal learning paradigm was affected by basic information processing speed (digit copying) and hearing acuity (average hearing acuity at 1, 2 and 4 KHz at the better ear). A group of 453 individuals in the age between 23 and 82 years with no overt hearing pathology was recruited from a larger study of cognitive aging (Maastricht Aging Study, MAAS). After controlling for age, sex, educational level, and processing speed it was found that a mild to moderate hearing loss predicted lower verbal memory performance. Auditory administered verbal memory tests can underestimate true memory performance, particularly in older individuals with unknown hearing status.