Jocelyn Wishart

Transforming teaching and learning: embedding ICT into everyday classroom practices

Drawing on socio-cultural theory, this paper describes how teams of teachers and researchers have developed ways of embedding information and communications technology (ICT) into everyday classroom practices to enhance learning. The focus is on teaching and learning across a range of subjects: English, history, geography, mathematics, modern foreign languages, music and science. The influence of young peoples out-of-school uses of ICT on in-school learning is discussed. The creative tension between idiosyncratic and institutional knowledge construction is emphasised and we argue that this is exacerbated by the use of ICT in the classroom.

Pedagogical approaches for technology-integrated science teaching☆

The two separate projects described have examined how teachers exploit computer-based technologies in supporting learning of science at secondary level. This paper examines how pedagogical approaches associated with these technological tools are adapted to both the cognitive and structuring resources available in the classroom setting. Four teachers participated in the first study, undertaken as part of the InterActive Education project in Bristol; all of them used multimedia simulations in their lessons. The second study presented was part of the wider SET-IT project in Cambridge; 11 teachers in eight schools were observed using multimedia simulations, data logging tools and interactive whiteboards. Teachers were interviewed in all cases to elicit their pedagogical thinking about their classroom use of ICT. The findings suggest that teachers are moving away from only using ‘real’ experiments in their practice. They are exploring the use of technologies to encourage students to engage in “What If” explorations where the outcomes of ‘virtual’ experiments can be immediately accessed, for example through using a simulation. However, this type of activity can serve just as a mechanism for revealing – and indeed reinforcing – students’ informal conceptions if cognitive conflict is not generated or remains unresolved. The teachers in our studies used simulations, data logging, projected animations and other dynamic digital resources as tools to encourage and support prediction and to demonstrate scientific concepts and physical processes – thereby ‘bridging the gap’ between scientific and informal knowledge. They also integrated technology carefully with other practical activities so as to support stepwise knowledge building, consolidation and application. Research of this kind has design implications for both curriculum-related activities and emerging computer-based learning technologies, in terms of helping us to understand how teachers capitalise upon the technology available in supporting students to construct links between scientific theory and empirical evidence.

Theories underlying perceived changes in teaching and learning after installing a computer network in a secondary school

This paper discusses the theoretical links between motivation and learning and the use of information technology that arose during the evaluation, by both teachers and pupils, of the effects upon teaching and learning of the installation of an extensive new computer network in their secondary school. The school was visited throughout the 1996/7 academic year, and two questionnaire surveys were carried out during this time. The initial questionnaire was completed by 69 (73%) of the staff and a stratified, random sample comprising 161 (11%) of the pupils. Those originally surveyed were sent a follow up questionnaire at the end of the year. Responses to the questions were grouped by similarity into categories and these categories were related to theories of motivation and learning. It is concluded that the installation of a computer network in a secondary school results in improved teaching and learning and increased enjoyment of learning in the school with both pupils and teachers viewing the use of IT as beneficial to learning. Where such positive effects of using IT are noted they can be justified theoretically using Behaviourist, Cognitive and Social Constructivist theories of motivation and learning. The wide range of ways in which use of a computer can be both extrinsically and intrinsically motivating explains the increased motivation observed in the pupils.

Integrating mobile phones into teaching and learning: A case study of teacher training through professional development workshops

This paper presents the development and implementation of a professional development workshop series on integrating mobile phones into science teaching for a group of teachers in Sri Lanka. The series comprised a 3-day Planning Workshop followed by implementation of the planned lessons in real classrooms and a subsequent 1-day Reviewing Workshop. During the Planning Workshop, teachers were provided with a hands-on-session on the use of mobile phones in science teaching followed by collaborative lesson planning activities. The methodological approach taken to evaluating the initiative was qualitative, and data were collected using observations and fieldnotes. The data were analysed using thematic analysis techniques with the support of NVivo8 (QSR International Pty Ltd., Victoria, Australia) qualitative data analysis software. It was found that as professional development for teachers was provided separately as Planning and Reviewing Workshops, these workshops supported the teachers in recognising the educational potential of mobile phones, in learning how to use them in science teaching and learning, in changing their attitudes towards the use of mobile phones in teaching and in sharing knowledge and skills relating to mobile phone applications in science teaching and learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teaching and learning with ICT within the subject culture of secondary school science

This paper reports some of the findings from the science subject design initiative team in the ESRC Interactive Education Project at the University of Bristol. The subject culture of secondary school science, characterised by a content‐laden curriculum and assessment, but also with a tradition and requirement for practical work, is briefly described to give a picture of the environment in which the use of ICT was planned. Six science teachers, working in UK comprehensive schools, with between 2 and 18 years experience in the classroom planned subject design initiatives (SDI) in which practical work was simulated by software. Team discussions and individual interviews following the SDIs are summarised and early conclusions presented about the resulting shift in pedagogic approach and subject culture.

Participatory practices: Lessons learnt from two initiatives using online digital technologies to build knowledge

This study drew on data from two different initiatives in which groups of participants were asked to work together to build knowledge. In the first initiative school students were asked to discuss ethical issues in science, using a moderated online discussion board and in the second, researchers in the field of Technology Enhanced Learning (TEL) used a wiki to develop a vision statement. Despite the different contexts and purposes of the initiatives, the outcomes were remarkably similar in terms of a) the extent and patterns of contributions and b) the quality of the contributions. In both, there was some level of success in that the intended outcome was reached. However, in both, there were fewer contributions than anticipated and the quality of a large proportion of the contributions was disappointing. It is suggested that the reasons for this are related to four factors; the socio-cultural setting, the nature of the knowledge that was being built, the tools used and the way the activity was set up (including setting shared goals).

PDAs and Handhelds: ICT at Your Side and Not in Your Face

In order to evaluate the potential of Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) or handheld computers to support initial teacher training (ITT), 14 science teacher trainees at the Graduate School of Education in the University of Bristol were given PDAs with mobile phone connectivity to use throughout the academic year. The following areas were identified by the ITT students as definitely being of support during their course; the calendar or diary scheduler for organising themselves, the spreadsheet of attendance or mark book for organising their pupils and the use of a word processor to make notes on information and events immediately they are encountered. However, Internet access via the portable device was the application that the students considered to be most helpful to both teaching and learning. It was concluded that having the Internet literally ‘in the hand’ affords access to tools and information in a way that does indeed function as distributed intelligence. It also appeared to be a particular benefit that the PDAs could be kept hidden in a pocket or handbag, at the student teacher’s side instantly when needed and returned to the pocket once the need was gone, unlike other information and communications technology (ICT) hardware that sits looming large in the classroom and demanding attention.

Ethical Considerations in Implementing Mobile Learning in the Workplace

Workplace based personal and professional development is essential for students in the health, social care and teaching professions. In this era of ubiquitous computing recording and reflecting upon learning and reviewing student progress in the workplace is easily enabled via mobile technologies. Yet researchers and student users in these settings continue to find using personal, mobile technologies a challenge; though now it is much less a technical challenge than one requiring institutional and cultural innovation in permissions and behaviors within these settings. This article describes the outcomes of a recent international workshop conducted with experts in the fields of mobile learning and education on prioritizing areas of concern and establishing best practice. In conclusion it presents a framework for consideration by the mobile learning community that can be used to highlight or prioritize ethical considerations before conducting research into the use of mobile devices by students in workplaces and schools.

Discussing Ethical Issues in School Science: An investigation into the opportunities to practise and develop arguments offered by online and face‐to‐face discussions

Recent changes in UK science curricula mean that it is now expected that pupils are taught about socio‐scientific applications and implications of science; however, finding time to incorporate associated discussions and to set up forums for debate is challenging for teachers. This paper reports on a project to investigate different approaches to engaging students in argument and discussion including online debate outside lesson time. The project involved incorporating different types of discussion into sixth form (students aged 16–17) biology lessons. An opportunity sample of six experienced teachers and their classes (totalling 84 students) was recruited. In all, five online discussions between schools, one online within school discussion and four face‐to‐face discussions were analysed for their quality of argument. Results indicate that, within this sample, the dialogue in online discussions demonstrated higher levels of argumentation than those in face‐to‐face discussions. Students in the face‐to‐face discussions volunteered less evidence to support their arguments and were less likely to challenge each other’s points. Students reported they learned slightly more from online discussion than from face‐to‐face discussion; this was confirmed by their teachers. Whilst this study is clearly limited by size and the unanticipated events within school that limited the amount of data collected, it was concluded that online discussion is worth further investigation by education practitioners. It offers opportunities to bring students together across time and space to practise justifying and defending their point of view.

Developing teachers’ pedagogical practice in teaching science lessons with mobile phones

This paper presents the findings of an investigation carried out in Sri Lanka to explore how mobile phones can support science teachers’ pedagogical practices throughout the teaching cycle of planning, teaching and evaluation. Data were collected using observation supported by audio and video recordings from both continuing professional development workshops where a group of teachers planned four science lessons that integrated mobile phones and the subsequent implementation of those lessons. Thematic network analysis, carried out on the data with the help of NVivo8 qualitative analysis software, showed how mobile phones were used and the issues involved. It concluded that mobile phones can support science teaching in a variety of ways, in particular with communication during planning lessons, with relating subject knowledge to authentic locations and activities during teaching and with image and data capture to support assessment and post-lesson reflection. The additional pedagogical practices and knowledge base required when integrating mobile phones into science lessons are discussed in the light of Shulman’s original model.