Joel N. Swerdel

The Effect of Hurricane Sandy on Cardiovascular Events in New Jersey

Background Hurricane Sandy made landfall in New Jersey (NJ) on October 29, 2012. We studied the impact of this extreme weather event on the incidence of, and 30‐day mortality from, cardiovascular (CV) events (CVEs), including myocardial infarctions (MI) and strokes, in NJ. Methods and Results Data were obtained from the MI data acquisition system (MIDAS), a database of all inpatient hospital discharges with CV diagnoses in NJ, including death certificates. Patients were grouped by their county of residence, and each county was categorized as either high‐ (41.5% of the NJ population) or low‐impact area based on data from the Federal Emergency Management Agency and other sources. We utilized Poisson regression comparing the 2 weeks following Sandy landfall with the same weeks from the 5 previous years. In addition, we used CVE data from the 2 weeks previous in each year as to adjust for yearly changes. In the high‐impact area, MI incidence increased by 22%, compared to previous years (attributable rate ratio [ARR], 1.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16, 1.28), with a 31% increase in 30‐day mortality (ARR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.22, 1.41). The incidence of stroke increased by 7% (ARR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.03, 1.11), with no significant change in 30‐day stroke mortality. There were no changes in incidence or 30‐day mortality of MI or stroke in the low‐impact area. Conclusion In the 2 weeks following Hurricane Sandy, there were increases in the incidence of, and 30‐day mortality from, MI and in the incidence of stroke.

Competing cardiovascular and noncardiovascular risks and longevity in the systolic hypertension in the elderly program.

We examined the effect of chlorthalidone-based stepped care on the competing risks of cardiovascular (CV) versus non-CV death in the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). Participants were randomly assigned to chlorthalidone-based stepped-care therapy (n = 2,365) or placebo (n = 2,371) for 4.5 years, and all participants were advised to take active therapy thereafter. At the 22-year follow-up, the gain in life expectancy free from CV death in the active treatment group was 145 days (95% confidence interval [CI] 23 to 260, p = 0.012). The gain in overall life expectancy was smaller (105 days, 95% CI -39 to 242, p = 0.073) because of a 40-day (95% CI -87 to 161) decrease in survival from non-CV death. Compared with an age- and gender-matched cohort, participants had markedly higher overall life expectancy (Wilcoxon p = 0.00001) and greater chance of reaching the ages of 80 (81.3% vs 57.6%), 85 (58.1% vs 37.4%), 90 (30.5% vs 22.0%), 95 (11.9% vs 8.8%), and 100 years (3.7% vs 2.8%). In conclusion, Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program participants had higher overall life expectancy than actuarial controls and those randomized to active therapy had longer life expectancy free from CV death but had a small increase in the competing risk of non-CV death.

Rapid Decreases in Blood Pressure from Antihypertensive Treatment were Associated with Increased Cancer Mortality in the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program

Background: Research on the association between antihypertensive drug treatment (HTDT) and cancer is equivocal. We tested the hypothesis that large, rapid decreases in blood pressure following HTDT are associated with higher cancer mortality. Methods: Data from the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP) with 15-year cause-specific follow-up for mortality were used. We used changes from baseline in seated and standing systolic blood pressure (SBP) measurements at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after the initiation of HTDT. Hazard ratios adjusted for demographics, comorbidities, and competing risk of non–cancer-related deaths were estimated to determine the association between SBP change, as a continuous or time-dependent measure, and cancer-related death. Results: SHEP participants taking antihypertensive medication who exhibited a decrease in seated SBP of 29 mm Hg or more (50th percentile and above) at 3 months were at a 58% greater risk of cancer-related death during a 15-year follow-up compared with those with no decrease in SBP (P = 0.007, 42% increased risk P = 0.02 for standing SBP). Those participants whose maximal seated SBP change occurred in the first 3 months of treatment had 2.6-times greater risk of cancer mortality compared with those whose maximal seated SBP change occurred at 12 months (P = 0.004). Conclusions: Large SBP decreases early in HTDT were associated with an increased risk of cancer-related death during a 15-year follow-up. Further studies are needed to confirm and explore the potential mechanisms for this association. Impact: Rapid decreases in blood pressure following HTDT may be a risk factor for cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(8); 1589–97. ©2014 AACR.

Ischemic Stroke Rate Increases in Young Adults: Evidence for a Generational Effect?

Background The incidence rates of ischemic stroke and ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) have decreased significantly in the United States since 1950. However, there is evidence of flattening of this trend or increasing rates for stroke in patients younger than 50 years. The objective of this study was to examine the changes in incidence rates of stroke and STEMI using an age‐period‐cohort model with statewide data from New Jersey. Methods and Results We obtained stroke and STEMI data for the years 1995–2014 from the Myocardial Infarction Data Acquisition System, a database of hospital discharges in New Jersey. Rates by age for the time periods 1994–1999, 2000–2004, 2005–2009, and 2010–2014 were obtained using census estimates as denominators for each age group and period. The rate of stroke more than doubled in patients aged 35 to 39 years from 1995–1999 to 2010–2014 (rate ratio [RR], 2.47; 95% CI, 2.07–2.96 [P<0.0001]). We also found increased rates of stroke in those aged 40 to 44, 45 to 49, and 50 to 54 years. Strokes rates in those older than 55 years decreased during these time periods. Those born from 1945–1954 had lower age‐adjusted rates of stroke than those born both in the prior 20 years and in the following 20 years. STEMI rates, in contrast, decreased in all age groups and in each successive birth cohort. Conclusions There appears to be a significant birth cohort effect in the risk of stroke, where patients born from 1945–1954 have lower age‐adjusted rates of stroke compared with those born in earlier and later years.

Rates of Hospitalization for Dehydration Following Hurricane Sandy in New Jersey.

OBJECTIVE Hurricane Sandy, one of the most destructive natural disasters in New Jersey history, made landfall on October 29, 2012. Prolonged loss of electrical power and extensive infrastructure damage restricted access for many to food and water. We examined the rate of dehydration in New Jersey residents after Hurricane Sandy. METHODS We obtained data from 2008 to 2012 from the Myocardial Infarction Data Acquisition System (MIDAS), a repository of in-patient records from nonfederal New Jersey hospitals (N=517,355). Patients with dehydration had ICD-9-CM discharge diagnosis codes for dehydration, volume depletion, and/or hypovolemia. We used log-linear modeling to estimate the change in in-patient hospitalizations for dehydration comparing 2 weeks after Sandy with the same period in the previous 4 years (2008-2011). RESULTS In-patient hospitalizations for dehydration were 66% higher after Sandy than in 2008-2011 (rate ratio [RR]: 1.66; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.50, 1.84). Hospitalizations for dehydration in patients over 65 years of age increased by nearly 80% after Sandy compared with 2008-2011 (RR: 1.79; 95% CI: 1.58, 2.02). CONCLUSION Sandy was associated with a marked increase in hospitalizations for dehydration. Reducing the rate of dehydration following extreme weather events is an important public health concern that needs to be addressed, especially in those over 65 years of age.

Gender disparity in the use of drug-eluting stents during percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction

We examined gender disparity in the use of drug‐eluting stents (DES) versus bare metal stents (BMS) during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and gender disparity in all‐cause mortality after coronary stent implantation for AMI.

Cancer Death and Antihypertensive Drug Treatment—Response

We wish to thank Drs. Goldstein and Mascitelli ([1][1]) for their careful reading of our article ([2][2]). In our introduction, we identified prior reports of the association of antihypertensive treatment with cancer and found the results from previous work to be equivocal. We are aware of the