Joël Ruet

When a Great Industry Globalizes: Indian Conglomerates Pioneering New Trends in Industrial Globalization

Indian multinational enterprises (MNEs) are not only internationalizing by selling abroad. They are also producing abroad, and even, for some, globalizing their production processes by rethinking their supply chains, and entering new value chains of global opportunities. In this chapter, we suggest that, whether they conduct outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) by means of greenfield investments, acquisitions, or partnerships, Indian MNEs must, in fact, combine assets and resources from both emerging markets and developed countries.2 This idea has two major implications. First, MNEs will have to relearn their own lines of business again from scratch, acquiring local knowledge and also rethinking their capital-labor ratio; that is, they must largely reinvent their organizations. While they need to capitalize on their assets quickly in order to climb the value chain, they will also need to continue pursuing technological development and internationalization. Second, rather than moving towards convergence, this will lead to the creation of new opportunities for numerous companies. Original business models that are being devised in India today focus on accelerated technological development; rapid capitalization by means of diversifying client portfolios; interindustry technological synergies; the reorganization of production, design, and distribution; the reintegration of specific human, mineral, or energy resources; new financing models; etc.

Le financement des services essentiels dans les villes pauvres

[fre] Cet article illustre, tout d’abord, les problemes poses par le financement des services essentiels en decrivant la situation a Delhi. A partir des exemples de l’Inde et du Maroc, ils soulignent l’importance des questions juridiques et politiques : il est necessaire de reconnaitre l’existence des quartiers et de l’habitat illegaux, de les regulariser. Puis, les auteurs font un rapide bilan des Partenariats publics-prives qui gardent un potentiel certain d’amelioration de l’efficacite de la fourniture des services, si l’on sait les adapter. Les auteurs donnent egalement des exemples de politiques specifiques concernant les quartiers pauvres, en particulier celles qui recherchent un abaissement des couts par des techniques innovantes, puis abordent les strategies d’autonomisation des riches en se demandant si le mouvement ne peut etre intelligemment accompagne. Enfin, ils abordent brievement la fiscalite locale. . Classification JEL : H4, I38, R58 [eng] How to finance essential services in poor cities ? . This article illustrates problems raised by the financing of essential services by describing the situation in Delhi. With examples of India and Morocco, it underlines the importance of juridical and political questions : it is necessary to acknowledge the existence of the illegal districts and housing and to regularize them. Then, the authors present a brief assessment of public-private partnerships which can improve the effectiveness of the provided services. But PPP have to be adapted to the situation. The authors also give examples of specific policies concerning poor districts, particularly those that search a decrease in expenses with innovative techniques. Then they analyse how richer can reach their autonomy and how this movement can be accompanied. Finally, they describe local taxation. . JEL classification : H4, I38, R58