John A. Benjamin

Cinefluorographic Studies of the Bladder and Urethra in Women

Abstract Cinefluorography has been adapted to the study of the bladder and urethra in women. From 500 to 2,000 frames can be made for each patient. Projection of these motion pictures provides a new technique for the study of normal and abnormal urination. Further study will be necessary before the method can be applied clinically.

Cineradiographic Observations of Ureteral Functions in Man and Dog

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses cineradiographic observations of ureteral functions in man and dog. The first observations of ureteral function were made by Galen when he experimentally produced obstruction of the ureter in animals. In cine studies, ureteral contractions probably originate in the renal pelvis and move down the ureter to the bladder. In case of ureteropelvic (UP) juncture obstruction, there is a churning action of the pelvis, involving the infundibula and the calyces; it is as if waves are going down toward the UP juncture and then by reflux returning back toward the calyces, hence, producing both dilatation and a churning pattern. Similarly, it can be shown that in ureteral reflux, urine going up the ureter will be sent into the renal pelvis and can be manifested as a jet stream. Further down the ureter, the contractions vary in both length and degree, and, of course, this bears a relationship to different degrees of obstruction.