John Derrick

Using formal specifications to support testing

Formal methods and testing are two important approaches that assist in the development of high-quality software. While traditionally these approaches have been seen as rivals, in recent years a new consensus has developed in which they are seen as complementary. This article reviews the state of the art regarding ways in which the presence of a formal specification can be used to assist testing.

Abstract State Machines, Alloy, B, VDM, and Z

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Viewpoint consistency in ODP

Open Distributed Processing (ODP) is a joint ITU/ISO standardisation framework for constructing distributed systems in a multi-vendor environment. Central to the ODP approach is the use of viewpoints for specification and design. Inherent in any viewpoint approach is the need to check and manage the consistency of viewpoints. In previous work we have described techniques for consistency checking, refinement, and translation between viewpoint specifications, in particular for LOTOS and Z/Object-Z. Here we present an overview of our work, motivated by a case study combining these techniques in order to show consistency between viewpoints specified in LOTOS and Object-Z.

Specification, Refinement and Verification of Concurrent Systems—An Integration of Object-Z and CSP

This paper presents a method of formally specifying, refining and verifying concurrent systems which uses the object-oriented state-based specification language Object-Z together with the process algebra CSP. Object-Z provides a convenient way of modelling complex data structures needed to define the component processes of such systems, and CSP enables the concise specification of process interactions. The basis of the integration is a semantics of Object-Z classes identical to that of CSP processes. This allows classes specified in Object-Z to be used directly within the CSP part of the specification.In addition to specification, we also discuss refinement and verification in this model. The common semantic basis enables a unified method of refinement to be used, based upon CSP refinement. To enable state-based techniques to be used for the Object-Z components of a specification we develop state-based refinement relations which are sound and complete with respect to CSP refinement. In addition, a verification method for static and dynamic properties is presented. The method allows us to verify properties of the CSP system specification in terms of its component Object-Z classes by using the laws of the CSP operators together with the logic for Object-Z.

A Formal Framework for Viewpoint Consistency

Multiple Viewpoint models of system development are becoming increasingly important. Each viewpoint offers a different perspective on the target system and system development involves parallel refinement of the multiple views. Viewpoints related approaches have been considered in a number of different guises by a spectrum of researchers. Our work particularly focuses on the use of viewpoints in Open Distributed Processing (ODP) which is an ISO/ITU standardisation framework. The requirements of viewpoints modelling in ODP are very broad and, hence, demanding. Multiple viewpoints, though, prompt the issue of consistency between viewpoints. This paper describes a very general interpretation of consistency which we argue is broad enough to meet the requirements of consistency in ODP. We present a formal framework for this general interpretation; highlight basic properties of the interpretation and locate restricted classes of consistency. Strategies for checking consistency are also investigated. Throughout we illustrate our theory using the formal description technique LOTOS. Thus, the paper also characterises the nature of and options for consistency checking in LOTOS.

Refinement and verification of concurrent systems specified in Object-Z and CSP

The formal development of large or complex systems can often be facilitated by the use of more than one formal specification language. Such a combination of languages is particularly suited to the specification of concurrent or distributed systems, where both the modelling of processes and state is necessary. This paper presents an approach to refinement and verification of specifications written using a combination of Object-Z and CSP (communicating sequential processes). A common semantic basis for the two languages enables a unified method of refinement to be used, based upon CSP refinement. To enable state-based techniques to be used for the Object-Z components of a specification, we develop state-based refinement relations which are sound and complete with respect to CSP refinement. In addition, a verification method for static and dynamic properties is presented. The method allows us to verify properties of the CSP system specification in terms of its component Object-Z classes by using the laws of the CSP operators together with the logic for Object-Z.

ODP enterprise viewpoint specification

Abstract The Open Distributed Processing (ODP) standardisation initiative has led to a framework by which distributed systems can be modelled using a number of viewpoints. These include an enterprise viewpoint, which focuses on the objectives and policies of the enterprise that the system is meant to support. Although the ODP reference model provides abstract languages of relevant concepts, it does not prescribe particular techniques that are to be used in the individual viewpoints. In particular, there is a need to develop appropriate notations for ODP enterprise specification, in order to increase the applicability of the ODP framework. In this paper, we tackle this concern and develop a specification language to support the current draft of the enterprise viewpoint. In doing so, we analyse the current definition of the ODP enterprise viewpoint language. Using the Unified Modelling Language ( uml ), a meta-model of the core concepts and their relationships is constructed, and we also investigate to what extent the uml can be used for enterprise viewpoint specification. We, then, focus on the expression of enterprise policies that govern the behaviour of enterprise objects. We develop a policy language, which is a combination of structured English and simple predicate logic and is built on top of the formal object-oriented specification language Object-Z, into which the complete language is translated. We illustrate the ideas in the paper with a case study that presents an enterprise specification of a library support system.

FDTs for ODP

Abstract This paper discusses the use and integration of formal techniques into the Open Distributed Processing (ODP) standardization initiative. The ODP reference model is a natural progression from OSI. Multiple viewpoints are used to specify complex ODP systems. Formal methods are playing an increasing role within ODP. We provide an overview of the ODP reference model, before discussing the ODP requirements on FDTs, and the role such techniques play. Finally, we discuss the use of formalisms in the central problem of maintaining cross viewpoint consistency.

Formalising ODP enterprise policies

The open distributed processing (ODP) standardisation initiative has led to a framework by which distributed systems can be modelled using a number of viewpoints. These include an enterprise viewpoint, which focuses on the objectives and policies of the enterprise that the system is meant to support. Although the ODP reference model provides abstract languages of relevant concepts, it does not prescribe particular techniques that are to be used in the individual viewpoints. In particular, there is a need to develop appropriate notations for ODP enterprise specification, in order to increase the applicability of the ODP framework. In this paper, we tackle this concern and develop a specification language to support the enterprise viewpoint. In doing so, we focus on the expression of enterprise policies that govern the behaviour of enterprise objects. The language we develop is a combination of structured English and simple predicate logic, and is built on top of the formal object-oriented specification language Object-Z. We illustrate its use with a case study that presents an enterprise specification of a library support system.

Viewpoint consistency in ODP, a general interpretation

Multiple viewpoints are used in Open Distributed Processing (ODP) in order to decompose the complexity inherent in specifying distributed systems. Multiple viewpoints prompt the issue of consistency between viewpoints. The ODP reference model alludes to three different interpretations of consistency. This paper responds to this uncertainty by proposing a single all embracing interpretation of consistency. We show that our interpretation, firstly, satisfies all the basic requirements of a definition of consistency and, secondly, can be specialised to any of the three ODP reference model definitions. The generality of our definition will be illustrated through instantiation in the FDT LOTOS.