John F. Rauthmann

The description of situations: Towards replicable domains of psychological situation characteristics.

Using the most comprehensive lexical approach with English adjectives to date, Parrigon et al. (2017) found 7 major dimensions of psychological situation characteristics (CAPTION: Complexity, Adversity, Positive Valence, Typicality, Importance, humOr, Negative Valence). Researchers using or studying situations may be interested in how well these dimensions empirically overlap with dimensions from other taxonomies, such as the DIAMONDS (Duty, Intellect, Adversity, Mating, pOsitivity, Negativity, Deception, Sociality). This comment highlights empirical and theoretical convergences between CAPTION and DIAMONDS scales, yielding evidence for 5 replicable dimensions. In general, average convergent correlations were substantial (.47–.69), much larger than discriminant ones (.18–.30), and as high as or higher than those typically found for Big Five scales. We highlight the opportunity to integrate different situation characteristics taxonomies and conclude with the plea for large-scale, cross-cultural research that can further expand our knowledge on the structures of situation characteristics.

The Nonlinear Interaction of Person and Situation (NIPS) Model: Theory and Empirical Evidence: Nonlinear interaction of person and situation

Despite the broad consensus in psychology that human behaviour is influenced by the interaction between characteristics of the person and characteristics of the situation, not much is known about the precise shape of this person–situation (P × S) interaction. To address this issue, we introduce and test the nonlinear interaction of person and situation (NIPS) model. The NIPS model can be applied to explain contradictory research results, offers a more accurate prediction of behaviour, and can be applied to any trait. In three studies and with three different analytical approaches, we test the NIPS model and its implications. In the pre–study, we test whether variability in participants’ behaviour is smaller in extreme aggression–provoking and jealousy–inducing situations than in moderate situations, suggesting the effect of ‘strong’ situations at the extremes of the situation continuum. In Studies 1 and 2, we test the nonlinear relation between person and situation variables in predicting behaviour in within–subject designs and provide support for the predictions of the NIPS model. Future lines of research with the NIPS model are discussed. Copyright

Do Self-Reported Traits and Aggregated States Capture the Same Thing? A Nomological Perspective on Trait-State Homomorphy:

Convergent correlations between traits and state aggregates from experience sampling cannot fully establish trait-state homomorphy (the extent to which the same constructs are measured). With a nomological vector correlation and lens model approach, we test how similar nomological networks of traits and state aggregates are to each other: A trait and state-aggregate capture the same construct when both show highly similar nomological associations to a common set of correlates. In large experience sampling (N = 209) and life-logging studies (N = 298), Extraversion, Conscientiousness, and Agreeableness tended to show more and Openness, Honesty/Humility, and Neuroticism/Emotionality tended to show less trait-state homomorphy. However, these general findings differed somewhat at the aspect level, with Neuroticism and Extraversion aspects tending to show more versus Openness and Honesty/Humility aspects tending to show less homomorphy. The proposed nomological approaches can be flexibly applied to other traits, states, and correlates.

Dark Leadership: The Role of Leaders’ Dark Triad Personality Traits

For a long time, leadership research has focused too much on idealized, romantic, and “good” forms of leadership (e.g., transformational, empowering, authentic, and ethical leadership), but neglected the antagonistic part: the dark side of leadership. Current personality and leadership literature suggests that, due to their high need for power and social dominance orientation, a variety of dark triad personalities (narcissists, Machiavellians, and psychopaths) can be found in leadership positions. Accordingly, dark leadership reflects a part of leadership reality. Nevertheless, the dark side of leadership is still relatively understudied. This chapter combines dark triad personality with dark leadership research to describe narcissistic, Machiavellian, and psychopathic leadership. Additionally, the role of the dark triad in leader development is described. Dark leaders may be selfish, impulsive, exploitative, and toxic but still be as effective or successful as prosocial, self-controlled, and “good” leaders. The focus on leaders’ dark traits and leadership could improve our understanding of the complex, dynamic, and challenging field of leadership research. Thus, knowledge on the strengths and weaknesses of the dark triad can be utilized in leader development.

Toward a Research Agenda for the Study of Situation Perceptions: A Variance Componential Framework

Situation perception represents the fulcrum of a “psychology of situations” because situation ratings are ubiquitous. However, no systematic research program exists so far, particularly because two competing traditions have not been integrated: Objectivist views stress situations’ consensually shared meanings (social reality), and subjectivist views idiosyncratic meanings (personal reality). A componential framework can disentangle social from personal reality in situation perceptions: When multiple perceivers (P) rate multiple situations (S) on multiple situation characteristics (C), variance in those ratings can be decomposed according to S × C, P × S, and P × C breakdowns. Six grand questions of situation perception research are spawned from these decompositions: complexity, similarity, assimilation, consensus, uniqueness, and accuracy. Analyses of real data are provided to exemplify our ideas, along with customizable R codes for all methods. A componential framework allows novel and unique insights into different questions surrounding situation perceptions and provides a coherent research agenda.

Development of implicit personality

Abstract This chapter deals with a new frontier in personality development research virtually unexplored so far: the stability and change of implicit or automatic aspects of personality traits. First, the literature is reviewed that conceives personality traits as automatized habits of acting, thinking, feeling, and desiring. Second, the measurement of implicit personality traits is briefly reviewed, especially regarding the two central questions of (1) to what extent measures of implicit traits and self-reports capture the same construct and (2) how stable and malleable implicit traits are. Lastly, directions for future research on the development of implicit personality traits are sketched.

Trends und Ausblick

Dieses Kapitel liefert einen Uberblick uber Trends und Zukunftsperspektiven in der Personlichkeitspsychologie. Welche Themen werden derzeit vorwiegend beforscht? Welche Themen gewinnen an Interesse und Popularitat? Wohin konnte sich die Personlichkeitspsychologie in den nachsten Jahren entwickeln?

Grundlagen der Persönlichkeitspsychologie

Dieses Kapitel gibt einen kompakten Uberblick uber essenzielle Grundlagen der Personlichkeitspsychologie. Dadurch konnen die spater dargestellten Ansatze besser verstanden, verglichen und bewertet werden. Folgende Inhalte werden behandelt:

Ansätze der Persönlichkeitspsychologie

Dieses Kapitel gibt eine Ubersicht uber Ansatze in der Personlichkeitspsychologie, um die Grundlage fur das Verstandnis des weiteren Textes zu schaffen. Folgendes wird behandelt: