John G. Solum

Fault dating in the Canadian Rocky Mountains: Evidence for late Cretaceous and early Eocene orogenic pulses

Fault rocks from the classic Rocky Mountain foreland fold-and-thrust belt in southwestern Canada were dated by Ar analysis of clay grain-size fractions. Using X-ray diffraction quantification of the detrital and authigenic component of each fraction, these determinations give ages for individual faults in the area (illite age analysis). The resulting ages cluster around 72 and 52 Ma (here called the Rundle and McConnell pulses, respectively), challenging the traditional view of gradual forward progression of faulting and thrust-belt history of the area. The recognition of spatially and temporally restricted deformation episodes offers field support for theoretical models of critically stressed wedges, which result in geologically reasonable strain rates for the area. In addition to regional considerations, this study highlights the potential of direct dating of shallow fault rocks for our understanding of upper-crustal kinematics and regional tectonic analysis of ancient orogens.

Mineralogic and textural analyses of drill cuttings from the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) boreholes: Initial interpretations of fault zone composition and constraints on geologic models

We examine drill cuttings from the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) boreholes to determine the lithol- ogy and deformational textures in the fault zones and host rocks. Cutting samples repre- sent the lithologies from 1.7-km map distance and 3.2-km vertical depth adjacent to the San Andreas Fault. We analyzed two hun- dred and sixty-six grain-mount thin-sections at an average of 30-m-cuttings sample spac- ing from the vertical 2.2-km-deep Pilot Hole and the 3.99-km-long Main Hole. We iden- tify Quaternary and Tertiary(?) sedimen- tary rocks in the upper 700 m of the holes; granitic rocks from 760-1920 m measured depth; arkosic and lithic arenites, interbed- ded with siltstone sequences, from 1920 to ~3150 m measured depth; and interbed- ded siltstones, mudstones, and shales from 3150 m to 3987 m measured depth. We also infer the presence of at least fi ve fault zones, which include regions of damage zone and fault core on the basis of percent of cata- clasite abundances, presence of deformed grains, and presence of alteration phases at 1050, 1600-2000, 2200-2500, 2700-3000, 3050-3350, and 3500 m measured depth in the Main Hole. These zones are correlated with borehole geophysical signatures that are consistent with the presence of faults. If the deeper zones of cataclasite and alteration intensity connect to the surface trace of the San Andreas Fault, then this fault zone dips 80-85° southwest, and consists of multiple slip surfaces in a damage zone ~250-300 m thick. This interpretation is supported by borehole geophysical studies, which show this area is a region of low seismic velocities, reduced resistivity, and variable porosity.