John H. McDowell

Andean Cosmologies Through Time: Persistence And Emergence

Acknowledgments Introduction: Robert V.H. Dover Inca Cosmos in Andean Context: From the Perspective of the Capac Raymi Camay Quilla Feast Celebrating the December Solstice in Cuzco: R. Tom Zuidema Water Ideology in Inca Ethnogenesis: Jeanette E. Sherbondy Catechisms and Confessionarios: Distorting Mirrors of Andean Societies: Monica Barnes Exemplary Ancestors and Pernicious Spirits: Sibundoy Concepts of Culture Evolution: John H. McDowell Inside/Outside, Which Side Counts? Duality-of-self adn Bipartization in Quechua: Lawrence K. Carpenter Shaman versus Nurse in an Aymara Village: Traditional and Modern Medicine in Conflict: Joseph W. Bastien Textiles and Cosmology in Choquecancha, Cuzco, Peru: Katharine E. Seibold Reinvented Tradition: The Heraldry of Ethnic Militancy in the Colombian Andes: Joanne Rappaport Communalism and Defferentiation in an Andean Community: Gary Urton Contributors Index

Folklore as Commemorative Discourse

This article inspects a ballad performance to assess the relationship beween poetic and prose narrative, between the language of the song and the language that surrounds it in the singing event. Contrasting discourse types, the informative and the commemorative, are identified and discussed. Commemorative utterance exhibits regularized acoustic textures in presenting what are taken for immanent truths. Such discourse possesses remarkable efficacy, due in part to the impact of measured and allusive speech on the central nervous system, and to the exploitation of these effects in appropriately orchestrated social settings. A rhythm is a promise which the poet makes to the reader-and in proportion as the reader comes to rely on this promise, he falls into a state of general surrender which makes him more likely to accept without resistance the rest of the poets material. -Kenneth Burke, 1931 The purpose of rhythm is to prolong the moment of contemplation, the moment when we are both asleep and awake, which is the moment of creation, by hushing us with an alluring monotony, while it holds us waking by variety, to keep us in that state of perhaps real trance, in which the mind, liberated from the pressure of the will, is unfolded in symbols.

Carnivals of the Caribbean: Puerto Rico/Trinidad/Martinique (review)

this vibrant production has something of the flair and energy of its subject matter, as it switches from one island to another in an effort to document the making of carnival in these settings and to confront some of the issues that swirl around carnival performances. the basic method here is to inject short snippets of carnival actions into a more leisurely fabric of interviews with both scholars and participants, with special attention paid to the men and women who conceive of and execute the schemes presented in carnival costumes, floats, and parades. the pace of the film is rapid and the movement from one setting to another swift, but this documentary scores well as a teaching resource on the basis of the excellent quality of its footage, both interview material and scenes of carnival in action. Carnivals of the Caribbean is organized around a set of themes addressed in the carnivals of the three selected islands: Puerto rico, trinidad, and martinique. First, the scene is set and viewers are given a brief visual tour of the sites we will be visiting in the video. these scenes are useful because they allow us to perceive the radical changes carnival works upon the streets, districts, and cities where it takes place. the video then takes us behind the scene to view preparations going into the making of carnival: costume, mask, and float design, and the arrangement of musical productions and dance steps. We then experience the realization of carnival in its parades and varied performances. in closing, we view the demise of carnival in the burning of effigies and the farewell until the new year brings carnival’s return. As we progress through this inventory of themes, we meet and hear from the people who make these things happen and from those who are inclined and entitled to comment, with well-chosen footage spliced in to illustrate each topic. A good deal of the commentary seeks to get at the meaning of carnival—its “magic” and “mystique,” as the female narrative voice frames it. in the words of scholars and practitioners, carnival is presented as a release from the normal restrictions of life—as one speaker has it, “the liberation of oppressed vitality.” one sees carnival mischief as “testing the waters”; another tells us that “one mocks everything” during carnival. Several speakers point to symbolic displays of sensuality and sexuality as the crux of the matter. but other, more redemptive themes are at play as well—reconciliation, renewal, the expression of diversity, and even religious devotion, when, for example, promesas are fulfilled with ribbons tied to Santiago’s statue in Puerto rico. to the credit of those who created this documentary, many voices are heard and no simple solutions are provided. As a consequence, carnival retains its vitality and even gains some in the viewing of this video. Several controversies are adumbrated if not fully explored in Carnivals of the Caribbean. in trinidad, some people are using masks drawn from halloween in preference to the traditional masks; in Puerto rico, carnival themes are deeply influenced by American television. these episodes point to an underlying concern with authenticity and purity, clearly difficult concepts to sustain in the all-consuming flames of island carnival. but the eternal struggle goes on, and curators of tradition do constant battle with the innovators on the street, scoring occasional triumphs but steadily yielding ground to the wandering folk imagination. issues of authenticity are tied to issues of carnival consumption, with questions of image and tourism implicated in the debate. carnival obviously has the potential to attract tourists, as it does, especially in the case of trinidad’s world-famous celebrations. the positive image of a people at play, the glamour and glitter of carnival costumes, the thrill of carnival music—all these form a foundation for lucrative tourism during carnival time. but Journal of American Folklore 120(477):358–359 copyright