John H. Wagenknecht

Printed, flexible electrochromic displays using interdigitated electrodes

Abstract We describe herein some of our initial studies in pursuit of a simple, economical method of mass producing electrochromic displays. The approach we have taken is to print the display on polymer film utilizing commercially available conductive inks in an interdigitated electrode structure with a conductive metal oxide powder, dispersed in a polymer binder, as the electrode surface. A range of electrochromic materials suitable for use with an aqueous gel electrolyte have been explored and examples presented.

Antimony-doped tin oxide powders:: Electrochromic materials for printed displays

Abstract We describe here the results of a preliminary investigation into the use of supported antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) powders as electrochromic materials. When coated onto light-scattering, particulate substrates, ATO has been shown to exhibit a surprisingly high level of coloration. We will discuss some of the factors determining the magnitude of this effect and show examples of printed, interdigitated displays which are moving towards commercialization

An Electrochemical Method for the Preparation of Iminodimethylenediphosphonic Acid

Abstract Iminodimethylenediphosphonic acid was prepared in high yield by the electrochemical oxidation of nitrilotrimethylenetriphosphonic acid. This represents the simplest known method for the preparation of this compound.

A One-Step Synthesis of Aminomethylphosphonic Acid

Abstract Aminomethylphosphonic acid is prepared by the one-step electrochemical oxidation of nitrilotrimethylene triphosphonic acid in water.

Determination of organic phosphonates by isotachophoresis

Summary Isotachophoresis is used to determine organic phosphonates formed during electrolysis of nitrilotri(methylenephosphonic acid). A mixture of commercially useful phosphonates can also be separated. Modification of the leading electrolyte by addition of zinc chloride gives an improved separation.

Pilot scale process for hydrodimerization of dimethyl maleate

A pilot scale process is described for the electrochemical hydrodimerization of dimethyl maleate to tetramethyl butanetetracarboxylate. The reaction is performed in an undivided bipolar cell using graphite electrodes, methanol as the solvent and sodium acetate as the supporting electrolyte. Several hundred kilograms of product were formed. Electrode lifetimes of four hundred hours were achieved with reasonable selectivity (70%) to the desired product. Dimethyl succinate is a major (20+%) byproduct along with minor quantities of dimethyl methoxysuccinate.

Hydrodimerization of Dimethyl Maleate in Methanol Using an Undivided Cell

The electrohydrodimerization of dimethyl maleate to tetramethyl butanetetracarboxylate occurs with high selectivity at high payload in an undivided cell having graphite electrodes using methanol as the solvent and sodium acetate as the supporting electrolyte. We describe here the experiments performed to define likely reaction pathways and conditions for later use in a pilot-scale operation of this process

Electrochemical Oxidation of Alpha Amino and Alpha Hydrazino Phosphinic Acids

Abstract In the electrochemical oxidations of phosphinic acids substituted at the alpha carbon with amine or hydrazine groups cleavage of the phosphorus-carbon bond occurred. The site of oxidation appears to be at nitrogen, even though the reactions were carried out in strongly acidic aqueous solutions.

Reaction of water with alkaline-earth stabilized bismuth(III) oxide

Abstract The reaction of water with various compositions of calcium, strontium and barium-stabilized bismuth sesquioxide has been examined. X-ray diffraction, TGA, DTA and optical studies were used. The reaction of water with these oxides occurs at room temperature and forms a new, low-temperature, single-phase material. The speed of the reaction is particle-size dependent. The water-containing phase can be decomposed back to the rhombohedral-stabilized structure at temperatures between 400 and 700°C. It appears that the reaction is an intercalation-type process with pronounced exfoliation.