John J. Sloan

The correlates of campus crime: An analysis of reported crimes on college and university campuses

Congress passed legislation requiring colleges and universities in the United States that receive federal financial aid funds to publish campus crime figures starting in the fall of 1992. While this legislation was intended to bring about widespread dissemination of information concerning campus crime, the problem remains that little systematic research has been done on campus crime. This article presents the results of a preliminary analysis of the correlates of crime at over 500 college and university campuses in the United States. It describes the extent and nature of campus crime, presents a preliminary model of the correlates of crime on these campuses, and presents a framework for further research based in ecological theory and theories of the community.

Bearing witness to crime and social justice

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Media Construction of White-Collar Violence Revisited: An Examination of Two Nightclub Tragedies

Wright, Cullen, and Blankenship (1995) examined print media constructions of a chicken-processing plant fire that killed scores of workers. They found that newspaper coverage of the fire was reluctant to describe the event as corporate violence. We examine the generalizability of Wright et al.s study by conducting a content analysis of newspaper coverage of two events at nightclubs in Chicago, Illinois, and Warwick, Rhode Island, that left numerous people dead and injured. We found that although newspapers did discuss the extent of personal harm caused by the disasters and the potential criminal sanctions that could be imposed, they seldom made any specific claims as to the cause of the events (i.e., whether they were due to an accident, negligence, or criminal behavior). Contrasting findings between our study and Wright et al.s suggests that more research should be done if we are to understand media constructions of corporate and white-collar violence.

A study of criminal justice discretion

Abstract This research empirically examined indicators of charging and sentence reduction and the criminal sanctions meted out to a representative sample of felons convicted in one midwestern state court. A multivariate analysis of prosecutorial and judicial discretion examined the influence of case, personal, social, and criminal justice process factors. The utility of sentencing guidelines for achieving fairness and justice in criminal justice policy and practices was assessed.

Police officer integrity: a partial replication and extension

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to partially replicate and extend the work of Klockars et al. and others on police integrity by examining how individual, organizational, and ecological factors affect police supervisors’ perceptions of police misconduct and willingness to report fellow officers’ misconduct. Design/methodology/approach – Surveys containing 17 scenarios developed by Klockars et al. (2000, 2004, 2006) were administered to 553 ranking officers attending training at the Bill Blackwood Law Enforcement Management Institute of Texas from June 1, 2009 to March 1, 2010 and employed by municipal police departments, county sheriff’s departments, and constable agencies. Findings – Results suggest that individual and organizational factors affect supervisor willingness to blow the whistle on underling misconduct, although their effects varied by seriousness of the behavior. Originality/value – The current project partially replicates and extends prior studies of factors affecting police integrity...

h-Index and m-Quotient Benchmarks of Scholarly Impact in Criminology and Criminal Justice: A Preliminary Note

Because Scopus and metrics like the h-index and m-quotient have become increasingly popular for assessing the impact of social science scholarship, criminology and criminal justice (CCJ) departments may be tempted to use those metrics when making important decisions like tenure and promotion. However, since no discipline-wide standards based on those metrics yet exist, CCJ departments have no comparative basis for interpreting the results of citation analyses of a particular faculty member’s scholarship. To identify what a set of disciplinary standards might look like, we used Scopus and calculated mean and median h-index and m-quotient values for faculty members (nu2009=u2009504) in CCJ Ph.D. granting departments (nu2009=u200935) by rank and for editorial board members (nu2009=u200991) of Criminology, Justice Quarterly, and the Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. Our results illustrate how comparative disciplinary standards could be developed and used by those in CCJ departments to assess the impact of faculty members’ scholarship.

The State of Criminal Justice Bachelor’s Degree Programs in the United States: Institutional, Departmental, and Curricula Features

Bachelor’s degrees in criminal justice (BCJ) now constitute one of the ten most awarded undergraduate degrees in this country, yet little attention has been paid recently to the institutional, departmental, or curricular aspects of these programs. This study used primary and secondary data collected from the population (N = 670) of US colleges and universities offering BCJ degrees during the 2015–2016 academic year to describe and assess the state of these programs. Results indicated BCJ programs are typically found at relatively small, residential, non-selective, private, sectarian, master’s-level institutions located in urban areas; the programs are housed in smaller departments labeled “criminal justice” located in academic units other than colleges/schools of arts & science; and BCJ curricula vary in total, required, and elective hours for the major, required courses in the major, and do not offer concentrations. Observations about the current state of BCJ programs are made as are recommendations for future research.

Why digital forensics is not a profession and how it can become one

ABSTRACT Digital forensics (DF) has existed since the 1970s when industry and government first began developing tools to investigate end users engaging in Web-enabled financial fraud. Over the next 40 years, DF evolved until, in 2010, the National Research Council ‘officially’ recognized DF as a forensic discipline. Over its evolution, DF developed some of the traits of a profession, which sociologists suggest include the following: (1) specialized knowledge; (2) specialized training; (3) work that is of great value; (4) credat emptor (‘let the buyer trust’) relations with clients; (5) a code of professional ethics; (6) cooperative relations with other members; (7) high levels of autonomy; and (8) self-regulation. This paper reviews the development of DF and argues that despite making strides, DF has not yet achieved the status of a profession as described by social scientists, and that it will not achieve that status until it remedies several deficiencies and addresses impediments preventing it from attaining that status, including the perceived low social status of the field’s clientele and an inability of the field to convince the public it occupies a unique place within the larger division of labor in society.

The State of Criminal Justice Bachelor’s Degree Programs in the United States: A Descriptive Profile of Programs Housed in For-Profit Institutions

While for-profit colleges and universities (FPCUs) have long existed in the U.S., most were small, closely held companies (CHCs). Beginning in the 1990s, a new FPCU emerged that was owned by publicly traded companies (PTCs). While FPCUs owned by CHCs and PTCs offer baccalaureates in criminal justice (BCJ), little is known about the characteristics of these programs. To address this gap, the current study analyzed the population (N = 79) of FPCUs offering BCJ programs during academic year 2015–2016 by type of corporate owner. Analyses included comparisons of the two types of FPCUs on three categories of variables: institutional, departmental, and curricular characteristics. Implications of the results for baccalaureate education in criminal justice and future research on the role of FPCUs in criminal justice are presented.

Comparing Bachelor’s Degree Curricula at Three Groups of Colleges and Universities: Flexibility or Idiosyncrasy?*

Despite baccalaureates in criminal justice (BCJ) being among the most awarded degrees in this country, little published research has appeared in recent years on these programs or their curricula. Using 2015–2016 data collected from the population of BCJ-granting institutions (N = 670) in the U.S., we partially replicated Southerland’s 2002 Criminal justice curricula in the United States: A decade of Change and extended Sloan and Buchwalter’s 2016 The state of bachelor’s degree programs in the United States: Institutional, department, and curricula features analyses of BCJ curricula by comparing selected features of them across three groups of colleges/universities: public, private, not-for-profit, and private, for-profit. Results revealed significant differences existed in curricula by institutional locus of control, indicating a general lack of consensus on undergraduate curricula, including in such fundamental areas as total hours needed for the major. We discuss the implications of these results for the discipline, including revisiting accreditation as a mechanism for creating standardized curricula, and suggest further research on the status of undergraduate education to help insure the discipline offers the highest quality baccalaureate programs possible.