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Israel journal of botany | 1990

THE ROLES OF PHENOLOGY AND REWARD STRUCTURE IN THE POLLINATION BIOLOGY OF WILD SUNFLOWER ( HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L., ASTERACEAE)

John L. Neff; Beryl B. Simpson

ABSTRACT A seven-year study of Helianthus annuus L., the common sunflower, in its native range in Texas has shown that the phenology and reward production schedules of individual florets within a head are of paramount importance in determining the foraging behavior of both specialist and generalist bees that serve as pollinators. Both pollen and nectar are produced only during the male phase of the protandrous disk florets, but pollen is produced bimodally whereas sugar accumulation is constant. Acceptance of heads by native bees was positively correlated with the number of male-phase florets per head, although the number of approaches was not. Native bees responded to increases in nectar amounts, as determined by experiments using bagged heads in which nectar accumulated, by increasing time per head and time spent foraging per floret. Comparisons across an array of visitors showed that large bees were more effective pollinators than small bees, but within the large bee category, there were no differences...


Apidologie | 2008

The evolution of a pollen diet: Host choice and diet breadth of Andrena bees (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)

Leah L. Larkin; John L. Neff; Beryl B. Simpson

We investigate of two aspects of pollen diet of Andrena bees: the evolution of diet breadth within nearctic representatives of the genus, which includes both polylectic and oligolectic species; and host choice within an oligolectic clade of Andrena. We also evaluate phenology. Traits were mapped onto a molecular phylogeny to identify the ancestral character states. Overall, oligolecty appears to be the basal state within Andrena, and broader diets have evolved a number of times, suggesting that specialization is not a “dead end”. Within the oligolectic clade studied, host shifts occur predominantly between members of the same plant tribe, indicating a phylogenetic constraint to host-usage; however, shifts to other tribes are not uncommon, and may lead to adaptive radiation. Additionally, some lineages retain the ability to use pollen from an ancestral host-plant tribe. Finally, we find a correlation between using host plants in the family Asteraceae and fall emergence.ZusammenfassungEbenso wie pflanzenfressende Insekten weisen Bienen eine ausgeprägte Variabilität in der Breite des Nahrungsspektrums auf, das von breit angelegten Generalisten (polylektisch) bis zu engen Spezialisten (oligolektisch) reicht. Üblicherweise wurde angenommen, dass sich die Ernährung in Richtung zunehmender Spezialisierung entwickelt, obwohl die wenigen wegbereitenden Untersuchungen, in denen der Versuch unternommen wurde die Evolution der Pollenspezifität zum Gegenstand zu machen, nicht von rigorosen phylogenetischen Hypothesen getragen wurden. In diesem Artikel untersuchen wir zwei Gesichtspunkte der Pollenernährung innerhalb der Bienengattung Andrena (Andrenidae): (1) die Evolution der Breite des Nahrungsspektrums innerhalb der nordamerikanischen Vertreter der Gattung, die sowohl polylektische als auch oligolektische Arten einschließt und (2) die Wahl der Wirtspflanzen innerhalb einer oligolektischen Linie von Andrena. Wir untersuchen weiterhin (3) die Evolution der Phänologie.Zunächst erzeugten wir eine molekulare maximum likelihood Phylogenie von 86 Andrena Arten zusammen mit acht Außengruppen, indem wir die Daten einer zuvor veröffentlichten Phylogenie reanalysierten. Die Breite des Nahrungsspektrums (Abb. 2; aus der Literatur ermittelt) und die Phänologie (Abb. 3; aus Museumssammlungen und der Literatur) wurden daraufhin auf die Phylogenie kartiert, um die ursprünglichen Eigenschaften zu ermitteln. Innerhalb eines gut belegten monophyletischen Kladus von 28 oligolektischen Andrena Arten identifizierten wir die Wirtspflanzen, indem wir aus bis zu 20 weiblichen, die Verbreitung abdeckenden Museumsexemplaren pro Art entnommenen Pollen mikroskopisch untersuchten. Bis zu 100 Pollenkörner pro Art wurden bis zum Pflanzentribus innerhalb der Asteraceaen identifiziert (Abb. 1, Tab. I). Die Identität der Wirtspflanzen wurde dann auf die Phylogenie dieses Kladus kartiert (Abb. 4).Insgesamt, (1) erscheint die Oligolektie innerhalb Andrena der ursprüngliche Zustand zu sein und sich breitere Nahrungsspektren dann mehrere Male entwickelt zu haben. Dies legt nahe, dass Spezialisierung keine evolutionäre Sackgasse darstellt. Innerhalb der untersuchten Kladen der Untergattung Callandrena s. l., (2) traten Wechsel der Wirtspflanzen überwiegend zwischen Mitgliedern der gleichen Tribi der Asteraceae auf, dies weist auf eine phylogenetische Einschränkung der Wirtspflanzennutzung hin. Nichtsdestoweniger sind Wechsel zu anderen Tribi nicht ungewöhnlich und könnten zu adaptiven Radiationen führen. Darüber hinaus behalten einige Linien die Fähigkeit Pollen eines ancestralen Tribus von Wirtspflanzen zu nutzen. Zuletzt (3) finden wir eine Korrelation zwischen der Nutzung von Wirtspflanzen innerhalb der Familie der Asteraceae und dem Schlupf im Herbst. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen Parallelen zu Untersuchungen der Breite des Wirtsspektrums und der Wirtswahl bei pflanzenfressenden Insekten.


American Midland Naturalist | 1983

Floral Biology and Floral Rewards of Lysimachia (Primulaceae)

Beryl B. Simpson; John L. Neff; David S. Seigler

Field and chemical studies have shown that female bees of the genus Macropis (Melittidae) visit flowers of Lysimachia (Primulaceae) in the New World in order to collect liquids secreted by trichome elaiophores at the bases of the petals and/or anther filaments. The association between the genera is not obligatory on the part of the plants. Several New World species are restricted to areas without Macropis. All New World taxa appear to reproduce vegetatively via rhizomes and can apparently be pollinated by other bees. While reports are few, they indicate dependency of Macropis on Lysimachia and suggest a predominant association with L. ciliata.


Biochemical Systematics and Ecology | 1979

Lipids from the floral glands of Krameria

Beryl B. Simpson; David S. Seigler; John L. Neff

Abstract Gland extracts from the flowers of seven South American species of Krameria have been shown to contain free 3-acetoxy fatty acids of the same type as previously found in species from North America.


Apidologie | 2012

Floral oil collection by male Tetrapedia bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Tetrapediini)

Simone C. Cappellari; Gabriel A. R. Melo; Antonio J. C. Aguiar; John L. Neff

Several groups of solitary bees, known as oil-collecting bees, gather lipids from flowers that offer them as their main reward to pollinators. In the Neotropical region, oil-collecting bees belong to the tribes Centridini, Tapinotaspidini, and Tetrapediini (Apidae: Apinae). The floral oils collected by females of these groups are used as larval food or in nest construction. The interaction of these bees with oil flowers is characterized by the presence of specialized structures for oil collection on the legs that morphologically match the location and type of the oil-producing glands on flowers they visit. In addition, these bees have specialized arrays of setae (including the scopae) for oil transport. In a few genera, both sexes display such specialized structures, although floral oil collection has hitherto been regarded as an exclusively female task. Here, we report floral oil collection by males of Tetrapedia, a Neotropical genus of oil-collecting bees. We describe behavioral aspects of oil foraging by males, present data on morphological structures associated with the collection of this resource, and discuss potential hypotheses to explain the significance of floral oils in the mating system of Tetrapedia.


Zootaxa | 2016

Taxonomic revision of Perdita subgenus Heteroperdita Timberlake (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae), with descriptions of two ant-like males.

Zachary M. Portman; John L. Neff; Terry Griswold

Perdita subgenus Heteroperdita Timberlake, a distinctive subgenus of 22 species from the southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico, all specialists on Tiquilia (Boraginaceae), is revised. Nine new species are described: Perdita (Heteroperdita) desdemona Portman, sp. n., P. (H.) exusta Portman & Griswold, sp. n., P. (H.) hippolyta Portman & Griswold, sp. n. (male previously incorrectly described as P. pilonotata Timberlake), P. (H.) hooki Portman & Neff, sp. n., P. (H.) nuttalliae Portman, sp. n., P. (H.) prodigiosa Portman & Griswold, sp. n., P. (H.) sycorax Portman, sp. n., P. (H.) titania Portman & Griswold, sp. n., and P. (H.) yanegai Portman, sp. n. The following sexes are associated and described for the first time: the male of P. (H.) frontalis Timberlake, 1968, the female of P. (H.) optiva Timberlake, 1954, and the true male of P. (H.) pilonotata Timberlake, 1980. Perdita (H.) fasciatella Timberlake, 1980 is proposed as a junior synonym of P. (H.) sexfasciata Timberlake, 1954. A neotype is designated for P. (H.) pilonotata Timberlake, 1980. Two species in particular, P. prodigiosa and P. pilonotata, are sexually dimorphic with distinctive ant-like males. Information is presented on floral relationships, phenology, and geographic distribution. Identification keys for males and females are provided.


Nature | 1977

Krameria, free fatty acids and oil-collecting bees.

Beryl B. Simpson; John L. Neff; David S. Seigler


Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | 2006

Phylogeny of the Callandrena subgenus of Andrena (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA data: Polyphyly and convergent evolution

Leah L. Larkin; John L. Neff; Beryl B. Simpson


Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society (USA) | 1997

Nesting and foraging behavior of Andrena (Callandrena) rudbeckiae Robertson (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Andrenidae) in Texas

John L. Neff; Beryl B. Simpson


Phytochemistry | 1978

Free 3-acetoxyfatty acids in floral glands of Krameria species

David S. Seigler; Beryl B. Simpson; Charles H. Martin; John L. Neff

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Beryl B. Simpson

University of Texas at Austin

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D. Megan Helfgott

University of Illinois at Chicago

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Gregg Dieringer

Northwest Missouri State University

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Leah L. Larkin

University of Texas at Austin

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Charles H. Martin

University of Texas at El Paso

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John Alcock

Arizona State University

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Simone C. Cappellari

University of Texas at Austin

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