John M. Ivy

Development of a recombinant tetravalent dengue virus vaccine: immunogenicity and efficacy studies in mice and monkeys.

Truncated recombinant dengue virus envelope protein subunits (80E) are efficiently expressed using the Drosophila Schneider-2 (S2) cell expression system. Binding of conformationally sensitive antibodies as well as X-ray crystal structural studies indicate that the recombinant 80E subunits are properly folded native-like proteins. Combining the 80E subunits from each of the four dengue serotypes with ISCOMATRIX adjuvant, an adjuvant selected from a set of adjuvants tested for maximal and long lasting immune responses, results in high titer virus neutralizing antibody responses. Immunization of mice with a mixture of all four 80E subunits and ISCOMATRIX adjuvant resulted in potent virus neutralizing antibody responses to each of the four serotypes. The responses to the components of the tetravalent mixture were equivalent to the responses to each of the subunits administered individually. In an effort to evaluate the potential protective efficacy of the Drosophila expressed 80E, the dengue serotype 2 (DEN2-80E) subunit was tested in both the mouse and monkey challenge models. In both models protection against viral challenge was achieved with low doses of antigen in the vaccine formulation. In non-human primates, low doses of the tetravalent formulation induced good virus neutralizing antibody titers to all four serotypes and protection against challenge with the two dengue virus serotypes tested. In contrast to previous reports, where subunit vaccine candidates have generally failed to induce potent, protective responses, native-like soluble 80E proteins expressed in the Drosophila S2 cells and administered with appropriate adjuvants are highly immunogenic and capable of eliciting protective responses in both mice and monkeys. These results support the development of a dengue virus tetravalent vaccine based on the four 80E subunits produced in the Drosophila S2 cell expression system.

Expression vectors for Neurospora crassa and expression of a bovine preprochymosin cDNA

The filamentous fungi, owing to their ability to secrete high levels of proteins, are attractive organisms for the expression and secretion of heterologous proteins of commercial and medical value. We report the construction of three expression vectors for the production of heterologous proteins in Neurospora crassa and demonstrate their utility by expression of a bovine preprochymosin cDNA and secretion of processed, enzymatically active bovine chymosin. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 License. Authors Eileen T. Nakano, Raymond D. Fox, David E. Clements, Ken Koo, W. Dorsey Stuart, and John M. Ivy This regular paper is available in Fungal Genetics Reports: http://newprairiepress.org/fgr/vol40/iss1/19 Expression vectors for Neurospora crassa and expression of a bovine preprochymosin cDNA Eileen T. Nakano, Raymond D. Fox, David E. Clements, Ken Koo, W. Dorsey Stuart*, and John M. Ivy Hawaii Biotechnology Group, Inc., Aiea, HI 96701 and *Department of Genetics, University of Hawaii (present addresses: R.D.F. Icos, Bothel WA, 98201; K.K. Hitachi Chemical Research Center, Irvine, CA 92715) The filamentous fungi, owing to their ability to secrete high levels of proteins, are attractive organisms for the expression and secretion of heterologous proteins of commercial and medical value. We report the construction of three expression vectors for the production of heterologous proteins in Neurospora crassa and demonstrate their utility by expression of a bovine preprochymosin cDNA and secretion of processed, enzymatically active bovine chymosin. One of the three vectors is based on the constitutive transcriptional promoter and terminator of the beta-tubulin gene (Orbach et al. 1988. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:2111-2118), and the other two incorporate the glucose repressible promoter and the terminator of grg-1 (McNally and Free 1989. Curr. Genet. 14:545-551). Results on the different levels of chymosin expression are presented. The beta-tubulin promoter vector, pTPT1, was constructed in pTZ18R (Pharmacia), in which several of the multiple cloning sites were deleted. The beta-tubulin promoter and terminator fragments were subcloned from pSV50 (Vollmer and Yanofsky 1986. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:4869-4873), which expresses a mutant, benomyl resistant beta-tubulin allele. A 350 base pair SalI-SfaNI promoter fragment, ending five nucleotides upstream of the translation initiating ATG, and a 380 bp beta-tubulin terminator fragment, from an ExoIII-generated end 73 nucleotides upstream of the beta-tubulin stop codon to the downstream genomic HindIII site, were combined with KpnI, SmaI and BamHI sites between them. The two grg-1 promoter vectors are based on a genomic clone of grg-1 into which an XhoI linker had been inserted (pMTF52, gift of S. Free, State University of New York at Buffalo) 67 nucleotides downstream of the primary site of transcriptional initiation (22 nucleotides upstream of the first ATG codon). A second XhoI linker was inserted into an NaeI site downstream of the last grg-1 exon and upstream of the polyadenylation signal, and all sequences between the two XhoI sites were deleted. One version of the grg-1 promoter expression vector, pGRGS, has an 837 bp promoter fragment measured from the first site of transcription initiation, and the other, pGRGL, has a 1563 bp promoter fragment. A bovine preprochymosin cDNA (pBC8, gift of M. McCaman, Berlex) was subcloned into the three expression vectors and pMTF52. After initially subcloning the cDNA into pTZ18R, the cDNA was inserted into pTPT1 between the KpnI and BamHI sites and into pGRGS, pGRGL, and pMTF52 at the unique XhoI site generating pTCT1, pGRGSC, pGRGLC and pGRC52 (Figure 1), respectively. Chymosin, an aspartyl protease, is secreted as a zymogen, prochymosin, which is autocatalytically activated to chymosin at low pH. The enzyme is naturally found in the Published by New Prairie Press, 2017 fourth stomach of the calf and cleaves kappa-casein. We took advantage of this milk clotting activity to rapidly screen transformants for expression and secretion of chymosin. Figure 1. Neurospora crassa expression vectors TCT1, pGRGSC, and pGRGLC. Steps in the construction of the chymosin expression plasmids are described in the text. Presented are the expression cassettes for each plasmid. Stippled boxes represent the respective promoter and terminator sequences (beta-tubulin or grg-1). Open arrow represents preprochymosin sequences. We co-transformed the his-2 mtr strain of N. crassa (Stuart and Koo 1988. Genome 30:198-203) with either pTCT1, pGRGSC, pGRGLC, or pGRC52 and pSV50cosmid 6:11E, bearing his-2+, from the ordered cosmid library of Vollmer and Yanofsky (ibid). Histidine prototrophs were selected on minimal medium, and transformants were transferred to agar slants. Conidia from isolated transformants were inoculated into 5 ml of Vogels + 2% sucrose liquid medium. Following three to four days incubation, the medium was screened for presence of milk clotting activity (Ward et al. 1990. Bio/Techniques 8:436-440). Quantitation of chymosin levels from selected transformants was determined by comparison of bovine chymosin (Sigma) and recombinant chymosin on Western transfers (Figure 2). Secreted proteins from four-to-five-day-old cultures were concentrated by ultrafiltration (Centricon 30, Amicon), and Western transfers were probed with a rabbit anti-prochymosin antiserum (gift of M. McCaman, Berlex). An immunoreactive protein comigrating with bovine chymosin was observed in the culture medium of most milkclotting transformants (Fig. 2). In some instances, a higher molecular weight, immunoreactive protein was observed (e.g. see Fig. 2A, lanes 3 and 4) that might represent prochymosin or pseudochymosin. http://newprairiepress.org/fgr/vol40/iss1/19 DOI: 10.4148/1941-4765.1410 Figure 2. Western transfer of medium from various N. crassa transformants. A. Lane 1. Molecular weight markers. Phosphorylase B, 106 kD; Bovine serum albumin 80 kD; Ovalbumin 49.5 kD; Carbonic anhydrase 32.5 kD; Soybean trypsin inhibitor 27.5 kD; Lysozyme 18.5 kD. Lane 2. 100 ng authentic bovine chymosin standard. Lane 3. Concentrated medium (equivalent to 210 l of unconcentrated medium) from a pTCT1 transformant. B. Lanes 1-5: authentic bovine chymosin standards, 100 ng, 33.3 ng, 11.1 ng, 3.7 ng, 1.2 ng, respectively. Lanes 6-13: 12 l medium from individual transformants. Lanes 6-10: pGRGSC transformants. Lanes 11-13: pGRGLC transformants. (arrow) mature chymosin A range of secreted chymosin levels as assessed by milk clotting activity was observed among the various sets of transformants. As determined by Western transfer analysis for the highest expressors from each set, the non-regulated beta-tubulin promoter vector and pGRGS expressed approximately the same level of chymosin, while the longer grg-1 promoter vector, pGRGL, produced more. We estimated that the highest expressing pTCT1 transformant expresses between 0.3-0.5 ug/ml of enzymatically active chymosin. The highest expressing pGRGLC transformant secretes between 0.9-1.2 ug/ml enzymatically active recombinant bovine chymosin. The authenticity of the N. crassa-expressed chymosin was evaluated by immunoprecipitation. The anti-prochymosin serum was added to 1 ml of culture medium from a five day culture of a chymosin transformant, the mixture was incubated overnight at 4 C, and fixed Staphylococcus aureus cells were added to remove the antibody-antigen complexes. This treatment removed essentially all milk clotting activity. In addition, milk clotting was not inhibited by the serine protease inhibitor phenylmethysulfonyl fluoride. Summary: We have constructed three expression vectors based on the constitutive beta-tubulin promoter and the regulatable grg-1 promoter. We have confirmed the effectiveness of these vectors by the expression and secretion of the enzymatically active mammalian protein bovine chymosin. The chymosin was expressed from a bovine preprochymosin cDNA, and chymosin was secreted under the direction of its own secretion signal. Very little chymosin was detected in cellular protein extracts, indicating the efficiency of this heterologous secretion signal peptide in Neurospora. This is in contrast to its poor effectiveness in directing secretion of chymosin from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Smith et al. 1985. Science 229:1219-1224) and Aspergillus (Ward et al. 1990. Bio/Techniques 8:436-440). However, secretion signal efficiency is highly variable and often appears to be protein specific. We might therefore expect a homologous fungal secretion Published by New Prairie Press, 2017 signal sequence to direct secretion of some proteins better than a heterologous secretion signal sequence. To that end, we are cloning cDNAs of selected Neurospora proteins. These expression vectors may be useful for the overexpression and study of homologous proteins and for the expression of heterologous proteins in N. crassa. Neurospora crassa naturally secretes few proteins, which may simplify purification of heterologous proteins targeted for secretion and engineered for overexpression. Neurospora crassa, therefore, has potential for development as a safe and well understood production organism. Acknowledgements: We thank W. McCaman of Berlex for preprochymosin cDNAs and antiprochymosin antiserum, S. Free for plasmid pMTF52, and Fugen Tülgar for technical assistance. This research was supported in part by a National Science Foundation Small Business Innovation Research Grant ISI-8860389 and by funds from Miki & Co., Ltd. and the Nippon Synthetic Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. http://newprairiepress.org/fgr/vol40/iss1/19 DOI: 10.4148/1941-4765.1410