John Money

Progestin‐induced hermaphroditism: IQ and psychosexual identity in a study of ten girls∗∗

A study of the IQ and psychosexual identity factors in the behavior of 10 girls with progestin-induced hermaphroditism at birth is presented. All the patients were raised as female. The mean Full IQ was 125 SD 11.8 with 6 subjects scoring above 130. 9 of the 10 girls were considered tomboys according to sex-role preference tests patient interview and parent interview. The exhibition of tomboyishness did not exclude notions of eventual romance marriange childbearing and the role of housewife. Only 2 of the girls preferred careers to marriage. It was concluded that the sex typing of behavior in humans is not fixed in set patterns as it is in animal species.(AUTHORS MODIFIED)

Ablatio Penis: Normal Male Infant Sex-Reassigned as a Girl

Forty-five cases of genetic males were assigned and habilitated as females, 43 because of a congenitally defective penis (micropenis with or without hypospadias), and two because of infantile ablatio penis. One of the latter has an identical twin brother as a control. Now 9 years old, she has differentiated a female gender identity in marked contrast to the male gender identity of her brother. Some of the other patients are now adolescent or adult in age. They demonstrate that the twin can expect to be feminine in erotic expression and sexual life. Maintained on estrogen therapy, she will have normal feminine physique and a sexually attractive appearance. She will be able to establish motherhood by adoption.

Fetal feminization and female gender identity in the testicular feminizing syndrome of androgen insensitivity.

Interview data on aspects of sex and eroticism from a sample of 10 chromosomally male (XY) patients with the complete testicular feminization (androgen insensitivity) syndrome and from a sample of 23 patients with the late-treated adrenogenital syndrome showed marked differences. Homosexual experiences and/or dreams were lacking in the androgen-insensitive group as compared with the adrenogenital group (p⩽0.01).The androgen-insensitive group reported lower frequency of sexual arousal from visual stimuli than did the adrenogenital group (p⩽0.05).Findings on different aspects of sexual behavior suggest a tendency for the androgen-insensitive patients as a group to have a lower sex drive, to be less keenly aware of their sex drive, to be less assertive in heterosexual relations, and to be less versatile in coitus than the adrenogenital patients. No case of exclusive lesbianism, transsexualism, or transvestism was reported from either patient group. Although the two groups differed in sexual and erotic behavior, both were within the range of what in our culture is accepted as feminine. Nonetheless, the androgen-insensitive patients conformed more closely to the conventional feminine stereotype. Regarding explicit satisfaction with female sex role and with cosmetic and clothing interests, the androgen-insensitive group was characteristically feminine. Findings on the Draw-a-Person Test and the Guilford—Zimmerman Temperament Survey are compatible with the results of normal females, but are in sharp contrast with those of normal males. Interview and psychometric data thus concur in showing the androgen-insensitive patients to be unmistakably feminine in behavior and outlook. Their femininity is best conceived of as a product of hormonal nonandrogenization, prenatally and later, in combination with the social experiences of rearing and development, after initial assignment as a girl.

Turner's Syndrome and Parietal Lobe Functions

Summary Many girls with Turners syndrome (irrespective of sex-chromatin type) exhibit a degree of space-form dysgnosia, directional-sense dysgnosia and mild numerical disability that suggests a developmental parietal lobe anomaly. It is presumably related to the chromosomal defect basic to the syndrome, perhaps by way of a fetal neurohormonal mechanism that might affect space perception as it pertains to the sex related mechanism of territorial behavior. A contrary developmental deficit has been identified in mildly retarded boys.

Relationship between sleep and growth in patients with reversible somatotropin deficiency (psychosocial dwarfism)

In a partly retrospective, partly follow-up study, 27 patients aged 1 year 10 months to 16 years 2 months with reversible somatotropin deficiency, showed a relationship between the rate of statural growth and sleep, graded as good, poor, or mixed. During periods of good sleep the overall growth rate averaged 1·04 cm per month, and during periods of poor sleep it averaged 0·34 cm per month ( t =8·46, df=32, P

Traumatic abuse and neglect of children at home

Once a subject little noticed, and when noticed, left unspoken, child abuse has recently gained much public attention. In the thirty-seven chapters, this volume provides a comprehensive investigation of the many facets of parental abuse and neglect of children. Among the topics considered are historical perspectives on child abuse, social sanctions against it, and the characteristics both of abusive parents and of the children they victimize. Also discussed are the developmental effects-- physical, mental, and emotional-- of abuse and the management, treatment, and prevention of child abuse and neglect. Since its original publication in 1980, this volume has become a standard reference work on the subjects of child abuse and neglect. Now revised and abridged to make it more suitable for classroom use, the paperback edition contains a new preface and revised chapter introductions.

Sexual Dimorphism And Dissociation In The Psychology Of Male Transsexuals

Fourteen cases of male transsexualism were studied with respect to certain sexually dimorphic behavior patterns. Twelve of them had completed surgery and the remaining 2 were awaiting surgery. The patients were administered a battery of tests and were interviewed over a 3-day period. Masculinity-femininity test scores indicated a high degree of verbal adherence to feminine stereotypes. Interview questions revealed that the patients had been labeled as “sissies” during childhood. Following puberty, they chose the receptor role in sexual relations, often disregarding their genitals completely. Preoperatively, 5 patients visualized themselves as females while having sexual relations as anal insertees, and 3 others while copulating as men with their wives. Postsurgically, none experienced phantom sensations where the penis had been. All 14 patients desired adoptive motherhood, with a preference for small children, though not newborn babies. In general, the group appeared to possess a feminine gender identity, except for a masculine threshold of erotic arousal in response to visual imagery and an unmotherly disengagement from the helplessness of the newborn.

Genital examination and exposure experienced as nosocomial sexual abuse in childhood

Three pediatric cases of girls, one with idiopathic precocious puberty and two with a birth defect of the sex organs, exemplify the proposition that genital exposure and the physical examination of the genitals may be experienced subjectively as nosocomial sexual abuse. Negative sequelae persisted into adulthood. The dogma of the new victimology industry is that children never lie about sexual abuse. Consequently providers of pediatric and ephebiatric (pubertal and adolescent) sexual health care already are progressively at risk of being falsely accused of nosocomial (from the Greek nosokomeion, from nosos, disease, + komeion, to take care of: pertaining to or originating in a hospital, as nosocomial disease) sexual abuse.

Prenatal exposure to virilizing progestins: An adult follow-up study of twelve women

Psychological data were collected on 12 young women, aged 16 to 27 years, with a history of prenatal progestin exposure. In 11 cases, this exposure had induced virilization of the external genitalia. The 12th woman was an anatomically unaffected sister of one of the other women. The sample was composed of 10 women reported on as children by Ehrhardt and Money (1967), Money and Ehrhardt, (1972) as well as two others who were added to this group because they conformed to the original selection criteria for the Money and Ehrhardt studies. Of the 12 women, 10 had completed high school; of these, 7 were in college, 2 were in graduate school, and 1 was raising a family full-time. None of the 12 had a history of difficulty in establishing friendships or dating relationships. Despite childhood characterizations as “tomboys” and avid interest in high school sports, none of the women pursued sports as a career or major pastime. Because of difficulties in personally contacting all 12 women, data on erotic behavior are available for only 6. Only one of these 6, the youngest, reported no erotic experience, and the remaining 5 reported exclusively heterosexual erotic experience and imagery.

Pain agnosia and self-injury in the syndrome of reversible somatotropin deficiency (psychosocial dwarfism)

Hospital and social service records of 32 patients, 23 boys and 9 girls, with reversible behavioral symptoms in a syndrome of dwarfism characterized by reversible inhibition of growth in stature are surveyed and discussed. When first seen, the patients ranged in age from 22 months to 16 years and 2 months. After initial hospitalization, they were discharged to a convalescent home and then to foster homes to experience a prolonged change of domicile and thus continue to grow. Changes in domicile from adverse environments, where growth failure began and persisted, to ameliorative where catch-up growth took place covaried significantly (p<.001) with decreased incidence of physical injury, severe physical punishment or abuse, self-inflicted injury, and behavior indicating pain agnosia. It is suggested that self-injury may counteract cognitional starvation under conditions of sensory deprivation when self-inflicted injury and pain agnosia coexist.