John P. Murray

Media Violence The Effects Are Both Real and Strong

Fifty years of research on the effect of TV violence on children leads to the inescapable conclusion that viewing media violence is related to increases in aggressive attitudes, values, and behaviors. The changes in aggression are both short term and long term, and these changes may be mediated by neurological changes in the young viewer. The effects of media violence are both real and strong and are confirmed by the careful reviews of research evidence by various scientific and professional organizations that are concerned with childrens mental health and development.

Children's Brain Activations While Viewing Televised Violence Revealed by fMRI

Though social and behavioral effects of TV violence have been studied extensively, the brain systems involved in TV violence viewing in children are, at present, not known. In this study, 8 children viewed televised violent and nonviolent video sequences while brain activity was measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Both violent and nonviolent viewing activated regions involved in visual motion, visual object and scenes, and auditory listening. However, viewing TV violence selectively recruited a network of right hemisphere regions including precuneus, posterior cingulate, amygdala, inferior parietal, and prefrontal and premotor cortex. Bilateral activations were apparent in hippocampus, parahippocampus, and pulvinar. TV violence viewing transiently recruits a network of brain regions involved in the regulation of emotion, arousal and attention, episodic memory encoding and retrieval, and motor programming. This pattern of brain activations may explain the behavioral effects observed in many studies, especially the finding that children who are frequent viewers of TV violence are more likely to behave aggressively. Such extensive viewing may result in a large number of aggressive scripts stored in long-term memory in the posterior cingulate, which facilitates rapid recall of aggressive scenes that serve as a guide for overt social behavior.

A Plea for Concern Regarding Violent Video Games

To the Editor: In the April issue of Mayo Clinic Proceedings, Hall et al1 authored a “plea for caution” in the interpretation of research on the impact of viewing video violence on the development of children and youth. The authors enumerated a series of investigations and reports on the impact of violence in media, including concerns about violence in comic books, movies, television, and video games. Additionally, they noted that the US Supreme Court was reviewing a California law that would ban the rental or sale of certain violent video games to those younger than 18 years. Hall et al pleaded for caution and expressed the hope that the Supreme Court would not be swayed by the evidence offered in support of the California law and suggested that the evidence was inconclusive on the effects of video violence and children. Indeed, the authors implied that all the research programs undertaken on the media violence topic during the past 50 to 60 years were merely examples of what they described as “moral panic” that emanated from well-intentioned but misguided concerns about society. Hall et al went so far as to chastise the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the American Psychological Association (APA) for publishing reports and recommendations that urged their professional members to alert their patients and clients to the dangers of media violence. The authors argued that the evidence of harmful effects was so weak and confused that these professional organizations were being irresponsible (and perhaps incompetent) in expressing their concern about the dangers that viewing media violence pose for children and youth. As professionals in communications, pediatrics, psychology, psychiatry, and public health, we are astounded by the inaccuracies evident in the conclusions offered by Hall et al. For example, they completely dismiss the extensive body of evidence accumulated during the past half century, starting with the Surgeon Generals research program on television violence and children in the late 1960s,2,3 the National Institute of Mental Health review in the 1980s,4 the review undertaken by the Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry in the 1980s,5 and the comprehensive review by the APA in the 1990s.6 In addition to overlooking these reviews by government and professional organizations, Hall et al raise an “old chestnut” of the catharsis hypothesis, suggesting that viewing media violence results in a purging of aggressive feelings and thereby reduces the likelihood of subsequent aggression. The catharsis hypothesis was popular in the 1960s and 1970s and was often cited by the media violence industry and its supporters. However, even the “father” of this notion, Seymour Feshbach,7 abandoned this theory and recanted his claims concerning “catharsis” as early as the 1980s. Finally, the fact that Hall et al suggest that large scientific and professional organizations, such as the AAP or APA, produced frivolous or ill-considered reports on policy and practice is an indication that the authors are poorly informed about the processes involved in developing and disseminating such reports. In the case of the APA report, 2 of us (E.D. and J.P.M.) can verify, from first-hand experience, that the APA spent almost 6 years and supported the work of a task force of 9 psychologists before reaching the conclusions that were finally passed by the 170 members of the Council of Representatives of APA. Similarly, 2 of us (M.R. and V.S.) were involved in the rigorous reviews undertaken by the AAP. One of us (R.W.M.) was chair of the Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry report and can attest to the rigorous deliberations of that group. These reports were undertaken in a very serious manner, and Hall et al simply dismiss these reports casually. We have collectively more than 200 years of professional experience in research, public health interventions, and communication concerning the effects of media violence on children and youth. Indeed, one of us (B.B.) was honored with the Order of Australia for advocacy for childrens media. We have reviewed evidence from hundreds of studies, both behavioral and neurologic, in both laboratory and natural environmental settings, both cross-sectional and longitudinal. For example, we refer readers to the reviews and commentary by Kunkel and Wilcox,8 Pecora et al,9 Rich,10 and Strasburger.11 The overwhelming conclusion to be drawn from this research is the fact that there are, indeed, harmful effects of viewing violence, as we noted in the aforementioned reviews.4-6 As such, there is a great need for concern on the part of parents, policy makers, and professionals in regard to the unbridled expansion of media violence directed to youngsters. Hall et al cite several reviews of research, notably that of Ferguson,12 which suggest that the state of research on media violence is complex and confused. They dismiss other reviews, such as those by Anderson et al13 and Huesmann,14 as irrelevant or perhaps biased. This strategy is similar to the writings of authors who have submitted amicus curia briefs to the Supreme Court in support of the video game industry. One of those amicus briefs, authored by Patricia A. Millett as Counsel of Record, claimed to have 82 signatories who were experts in media violence and were opposed to the belief that there are demonstrable effects of video violence on children and youth. In this instance, the so-called Millett Brief15 stood in clear opposition to the briefs of the State of California, the petitioners in the Supreme Court case, and the so-called Gruel Brief16 filed by Steven F. Gruel as Counsel of Record for the amicus brief of State Senator Leland Y. Yee, PhD, the California Chapter of the AAP, and the California Psychological Association. These dueling briefs would be worrisome if it were not for the fact that the 82 signatories of the Millett Brief have relatively little expertise in research or writing on the topic of media violence. In contrast, a large percentage of the 115 signatories of the Gruel Brief have outstanding credentials and are experts on the issue of media violence. A recent article in the Northwestern University Law Review17 has provided a detailed comparison of the professional competence of the signatories of the 2 amicus briefs. Clearly, the professionals supporting the Gruel Brief are providing competent and thoughtful analyses that urge professional concern about the harmful effects of media violence. On June 27, 2011, the Supreme Court issued its decision18 on the California Law restricting the distribution of some violent video games to minors. The Court, in a 7 to 2 decision (Justices Stephen Breyer and Clarence Thomas dissenting), determined that the California law was overly broad in restricting access to protected free speech by minors. It noted that the evidence of harmful effects of violent video games was not any stronger than the evidence showing harm from other violent video media and therefore the proposal from California was actually “underinclusive” because it did not propose to restrict those other violent video media such as Saturday morning cartoons. On this point, the Court noted that Underinclusiveness raises serious doubts about whether the government is in fact pursuing the interest it invokes, rather than disfavoring a particular speaker or viewpoint....Here, California has singled out the purveyors of video games for disfavored treatment—at least when compared to booksellers, cartoonists, and movie producers—and has given no persuasive reason why..18,p14, para 1 In his dissent, Justice Breyer noted that the evidence on video game violence being harmful was sufficient, and he appended a listing of about 150 research and review articles to support his claim. He concluded, But what sense does it make to forbid selling to a 13-year old boy a magazine with a picture of a nude woman [as the Supreme Court did in Ginsberg v. New York] while protecting a sale to that 13-year-old of an interactive video game in which he actively, but virtually, binds and gags the woman, then tortures and kills her.18, p19, para 1 Nevertheless, the Court was firm in its majority opinion that violent video games are a form of speech protected by the First Amendment. Given the outcome of the Supreme Court deliberations, it is clear that both government and industry are unlikely to find a common way to solve the problem of protection from harm. Also, given the strong conclusions from research that viewing violence can lead to harmful effects, such as changes in attitudes, values, and behavior favoring the use of aggression to resolve conflicts,4-6 as well as possible neurologic changes produced by viewing violence,19-22 it is imperative that health care professionals become knowledgeable about video violence and share that information with their patients. Thus, it is our considered opinion that the Hall et al article urging caution in giving advice about the harmful effects of media violence is overly cautious, if not foolish. Additionally, it is our considered opinion that we need to be very concerned about the impact of media violence on children and youth, for all the reasons identified in the professional reports and research reviews cited. Of course, it is true that there are no easy solutions to these problems, but we must remember that children and youth represent our future and that they depend on us to provide a healthy and safe environment in which they may grow and develop. Given the complexity of the issues, we may err no matter what choice we make, but should we not err on the side of concern by following the Hippocratic advice to “do no harm?” Thus, we end this commentary with “A Plea for Concern.”

Training Human Development Professionals in Public Policy and Community Collaboration: A View of the Issues

America, and the communities that comprise it, face a set of problems of historically unprecedented scope and severity. Issues of economic development, environmental quality, health, and health care delivery challenge the current resources and future viability of our nation. Ultimately, all these problems reduce to issues affecting the lives of people and, most dramatically, the youth and families of our nation (Dryfoos, 1998; Schorr, 1997).

Media Violence and Children: Applying Research to Advocacy

Research and advocacy concerning children and media violence has a long and conflicted history. In recent times, the focus of discussion has been on video games. However, the history of concern began in the early 1900s with questions about the effects of comics and comic books, and their stories of crime and violence. The same concern continued with questions about the effects of radio programs of crime and mystery and the influence of violence in films. By the late 1940s, however, a new medium bursts on the scene in America: television!