John R. Hurley

Does FIRO-B relate better to interpersonal or intrapersonal behavior?

After meeting for 33 hours over 7 weeks, 64 undergraduates from 11 small interpersonal skills groups rated themselves on Schutzs (1958) Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientations-Behavior (FIRO-B). Three weeks and 17 more group interaction hours later, they also described each same-group participant, including self, on Lorr and McNairs (1963) Interpersonal Behavior Inventory (IBI). Correlations between self-ratings on 6 FIRO-B and 15 IBI scales yielded 25 significant statistically (p less than .05) values, but merely 5 among FIRO-Bs 90 parallel correlations with individuals mean IBI ratings from pooled small group peers. Of all 30 significant correlations, 19 linked FIRO-Bs overlapping affection and inclusion measures positively, but narrowly, with 4 IBI scales that address affiliativeness/sociability. The findings challenge Schutzs (1958) paradoxical claim that FIRO-B validly assesses interpersonal behavior by an intrapersonal method.

Agency and Communion as Related to “Big Five” Self-Representations and Subsequent Behavior in Small Groups

Abstract Associations between self-representations and behavior were hypothesized as varying in accordance with the interpersonal meta-concepts of agency and communion (Wiggins, 1991). The NEO-Personality Inventory (Costa & McCrae, 1985) was completed by 250 undergraduates, to address the Big Five factors (Openness, Extraversion, Agree-ableness, Conscientiousness, and Neuroticism) and 18 subscales. Several weeks later, after both 23 and 46 interaction hours in small groups, the same participants rated self and others for self-accepting and other-accepting conduct. Self-accepting conduct ratings from pooled peers and self were consistently correlated more positively (p < .01) with NEO-PI Assertiveness, Openness, Feelings, Extraversion, and Values; ratings of other-acceptance had parallel positive associations with Agreeableness, Warmth, and Positive Emotions, and negative associations with Hostility. All ratings were related only weakly to Conscientiousness and Neuroticism. The findings support Wigginss v...

Timidity as a Response Style to Psychological Questionnaires

Abstract Firm and mild response styles to questionnaires were examined. A sample of 419 North American undergraduates chose among 5 options ranging from firm agreement to firm disagreement to respond to 181 NEO-Personality Inventory (NEO-PI) and 64 Constructive Thinking Inventory items. Both mild assenting and firm dissenting options were more strongly correlated (p < .05) with subscales of the NEO-PI Neuroticism, Extra-version, and Openness domain measures than were mild dissenting and firm assenting. The 6 Neuroticism subscales had response option correlates largely opposite in direction to those of the 12 subscales of Extraversion and Openness. A firm assent minus mild dissent composite related more positively to the Depression, Self-Consciousness, Anxiety, Hostility, Impulsiveness, and Vulnerability subscales, but more negatively to the Actions and Values subscales, than did a firm dissent minus mild assent composite. This coherent body of associations suggests a timid style of responding to psycholog...

Related Measures of Constructive and Rational Thinking

ABSTRACT Testing hypothesized positive links between rational beliefs about personal conduct and practical intelligence indicators, the responses of 137 American undergraduates to the Idea Scale (Kassinove, Crisci, & Tiegerman, 1977) were correlated with their responses to the Constructive Thinking Inventory (CTI) of Epstein and Meier (1989). Idea Scale scores correlated significantly, p < .01, and positively with each of the four CTI scales addressing constructive thinking, but negatively with its four nonconstructive thinking scales. Anchored by measures of global constructive thinking and negative thinking, the full set of correlations was bipolar and quite orderly. The CTIs two shortest and least internally consistent scales—Naive Optimism and Validity—yielded the weakest correlations, suggesting that they need improvement. Beyond firmly linking rational beliefs with constructive thinking, these findings encourage better definition and further exploration of the wide variety of nonintellective cognit...

Maslow's Needs: Individual Perceptions of Helpful Factors in Growth Groups.

Many theorists have proposed that personality evolves through stages (Freud, 1952; Jung, 1960; Loevinger, 1976; Maslow, 1968; Piaget, 1965). Erikson (1963) attributed this gradual unfolding to the individual’s confrontation with developmental tasks. In this-the psychosocial-approach, theorists generally agree that the overall relationship between the several stages is hierarchical. Thus, each stage must be approached and completed with some degree of success before mastery of the next stage is possible. Maslow’s (1968) concept of the need hierarchy is consistent with this formulation. As a humanist, Maslow was concerned

Some Effects of Trainers on Their T Groups Reconsidered

The identity of T-Group trainer effectiveness indicators in Bolmans studies (1971a & 1973) was pursued through comprehensive analyses of intermeasure correlations. Labeled the Acceptance versus Rejection of Others (ARO), a powerful undergirding dimension was found more potent than the Congruence-empathy indicator stressed by Bolman. ARO closely resembles the Love/Hostility dimension salient in much independent research, including the Caring factor found important to the encounter group leaders effectiveness by Lieberman, Yalom, and Miles (1973) and the Consideration factor of the Ohio State leadership scales. Perhaps due to limitations of his measures, Bolmans data yielded surprisingly weak traces of the second principal interpersonal dimension, Dominance/Submission. It seemed well represented by Meaning Attribution in Lieberman et al.s research and by Initiating Structure in the Ohio State work.

Outcomes of inpatient group psychotherapy associated with dispositional and situational affiliativeness

Before and after participating in an intensive three-week program of group psychotherapy, 33 recently rehospitalized male veterans (mean age=42) completed the Symptom Check List-90R and the Profile of Mood States. Prior to this program they also completed a trait affiliativeness measure and later rated their subsequent group therapy sessions for situational affiliativeness. The outcome measures indicated medium to large effect size benefits, which consistently associated positively with both separate and joint measures of trait and situational affiliativeness. The results encourage greater clinical attention to affiliativeness, a construct central to interpersonal theories of personality.

Ratings of interpersonal conduct in small groups by aggregated peers and self: replicated factor analyses.

After participating in 32 small, interpersonal learning groups, 258 young adult, U.S. students twice rated each same-group members conduct on brief, bipolar measures of self-acceptance and acceptance of others. These ratings had medium effect-size shifts toward the expressive, shows feelings, dominant, active, and warm anchors of the bipolar subscales. Separate principal components analyses of how the men and women were rated at each time by both aggregated others and self revealed very similar factorial structures, despite the shifts, the gender and status (leader vs. member) effects, the largely positive intermeasure correlations, and the intervening discussions of the first sets of ratings. Wholly composed of subscales addressing self-acceptance, Factor 1 was best marked by active vs. passive, and the Accepts Others vs. Rejects Others subscale best marked Factor 2. These measures appear to have a robust internal structure and to represent the 2 salient dimensions of interpersonal behavior.

AN INVESTIGATION ON THE RELIABILITY OF HUMAN FIGURE DRAWINGS.

Summary A review of the literature showed that prior reliability studies on the DAP have generally utilized atomistic graphic indices, while clinicians have claimed that the use of the DAP, in practice, has been to obtain global, personalized, impressions. Twenty Ss were twice administered the DAP with a five-week interval. Results showed that each of 9 judges were able to match the drawings of the same S from the two administrations at well beyond the .001 level of significance. The three judges with greatest DAP experience matched the 20 sets of drawings perfectly. The mean differences in correct matches for the three groups of judges (Ph.D. Clinical Psychologists, graduate students in Clinical Psychology, and college freshmen) although suggestive, were not significant. Results were contrasted with the findings of other approaches discussed in relation to other studies, and a number of research implications were noted.

Confounded versus Nonconfounded Correlations among the Neo-Personality Inventory's Domain and Facet Scales

The 18 subscales constituting the Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Openness domain scales of Costa and McCraes NEO-Personality Inventory were correlated with all five NEO-PI domain measures using data from 303 university students. Their residual domain scale scores correlated less than .50 with those on nine facet scales. A divergent domain scale correlated ±.30 or more with 11 facets, including correlations of –.34 or more by Conscientiousness with the Impulsiveness, Vulnerability, and Depression facets of Neuroticism. These latter values were even stronger in the NEO-Personality Inventory–Revised. The correlation of a facet scale with its preassigned residual domain scale and with a divergent domain scale did not differ significantly in 6 of the 18 cases. Unconfounded (part vs whole-minus-part) correlations had a median value of .52 versus .68 for their confounded (part vs whole) counterparts. A full report of unconfounded correlations clarifies the structure of composite personality measures.