John Richard Mattox

MULTIEPOCH VERY LONG BASELINE ARRAY OBSERVATIONS OF EGRET-DETECTED QUASARS AND BL LACERTAE OBJECTS: SUPERLUMINAL MOTION OF GAMMA-RAY BRIGHT BLAZARS

We present the results of a program to monitor the structure of the radio emission in 42 ?-ray bright blazars (31 quasars and 11 BL Lac objects) with the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) at 43, 22, and occasionally 15 and 8.4 GHz, over the period from 1993 November to 1997 July. We determine proper motions in 33 sources and find that the apparent superluminal motions in ?-ray sources are much faster than for the general population of bright compact radio sources. This follows the strong dependence of the ?-ray flux on the level of relativistic beaming for both external radiation Compton and synchrotron self-Compton emission. There is a positive correlation (correlation coefficient r = 0.45) between the flux density of the VLBI core and the ?-ray flux and a moderate correlation (partial correlation coefficient r = 0.31) between ?-ray apparent luminosity and superluminal velocities of jet components, as expected if the ?-ray emission originates in a very compact region of the relativistic jet and is highly beamed. In 43% of the sources the jet bends by more than 20? on parsec scales, which is consistent with amplification by projection effects of modest actual changes in position angle. In 27 of the sources in the sample there is at least one non-core component that appears to be stationary during our observations. Different characteristics of stationary features close to and farther from the core lead us to suggest two different classes of stationary components: those within about 2 mas of the core, probably associated with standing hydrodynamical compressions, and those farther down the jet, which tend to be associated with bends in the jet.

The Identification of EGRET Sources with Flat-Spectrum Radio Sources

We present a method to assess the reliability of the identification of EGRET sources with extragalactic radio sources. We verify that EGRET is detecting the blazar class of active galactic nuclei (AGNs). However, many published identifications are found to be questionable. We provide a table of 42 blazars that we expect to be robust identifications of EGRET sources. This includes one previously unidentified EGRET source, the lensed AGN PKS 1830-210, near the direction of the Galactic center. We provide the best available positions for 16 more radio sources that are also potential identifications for previously unidentified EGRET sources. All high Galactic latitude EGRET sources (|b| > 3?) that demonstrate significant variability can be identified with flat-spectrum radio sources. This suggests that EGRET is not detecting any type of AGN other than blazars. This identification method has been used to establish with 99.998% confidence that the peak ?-ray flux of a blazar is correlated with its average 5 GHz radio flux. An even better correlation is seen between ?-ray flux and the 2.29 GHz flux density measured with VLBI at the base of the radio jet. Also, using high-confidence identifications, we find that the radio sources identified with EGRET sources have greater correlated VLBI flux densities than the parent population of flat radio spectrum sources.

Multiepoch Very Long Baseline Array Observations of EGRET-detected Quasars and BL Lacertae Objects: Connection between Superluminal Ejections and Gamma-Ray Flares in Blazars

We examine the coincidence of times of high γ-ray flux and ejections of superluminal components from the core in EGRET blazars based on a Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) monitoring program at 22 and 43 GHz from 1993 November to 1997 July. In 23 cases of γ-ray flares for which sufficient VLBA data exist, 10 of the flares (in eight objects) fall within 1 σ uncertainties of the extrapolated epoch of zero separation from the core of a superluminal radio component. In each of two sources (0528+134 and 1730-130), two successive γ-ray flares were followed by the appearance of new superluminal components. We carried out statistical simulations that show that if the number of coincidences is ≥10, the radio and γ-ray events are associated with each other at greater than 99.999% confidence. Our analysis of the observed behavior, including variability of the polarized radio flux, of the sources before, during, and after the γ-ray flares suggests that the γ-ray events occur in the superluminal radio knots. This implies that the γ-ray flares are caused by inverse Compton scattering by relativistic electrons in the parsec-scale regions of the jet rather than closer to the central engine.

HIGH-ENERGY EMISSION FROM THE TeV BLAZAR MARKARIAN 501 DURING MULTIWAVELENGTH OBSERVATIONS IN 1996

We present the results of a multiwavelength campaign for Mrk 501 performed in 1996 March with ASCA, EGRET, Whipple, and optical telescopes. The X-ray —ux observed with ASCA was 5 times higher than the quiescent level and gradually decreased by a factor of 2 during the observation in 1996 March. In the X-ray band, a spectral break was observed around 2 keV. We report here for the —rst time the detection of high-energy c-ray —ux from Mrk 501 with EGRET with 3.5 p signi—cance (E ( 100 MeV). Higher —ux was also observed in 1996 AprilMay, with 4.0 p signi—cance for E ( 100 MeV and 5.2 p signi—cance for E ( 500 MeV. The c-ray spectrum was measured to be —atter than most of the c-ray blazars. We —nd that the multiband spectrum in 1996 is consistent with that calculated from a one-zone synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) model in which X-rays are produced via synchrotron emission and c-rays are produced via inverse Compton scattering of synchrotron photons in a homogeneous region. The —ux of TeV c-rays is consistent with the predictions of the model if the decrease of the Compton scattering cross section in the Klein-Nishina regime is considered. In the context of this model, we investigate the values of the magnetic —eld strength and the beaming factor allowed by the obser- vational results. We compare the 1996 March multiwavelength spectrum with that in the —are state in 1997 April. Between these two epochs, the TeV —ux increase is well correlated with that observed in keV range. The keV and TeV amplitudes during the 1997 April —are are accurately reproduced by a one-zone SSC model, assuming that the population of synchrotron photons in 1996 are scattered by newly injected relativistic electrons having maximum energies of However, the TeV spectrum c max D 6 ) 106. observed during the 1996 March campaign is —atter than predicted by our models. We —nd that this cannot be explained by either higher order Comptonization or the contribution of the ii seed ˇˇ IR photons from the host galaxy for the —rst-order external radiation Comptonization, but we cannot exclude possible eUects of the IR photons that may arise in the parsec-size tori postulated to exist in active galactic nuclei. Subject headings: BL Lacertae objects: individual (Markarian 501) ¨ gamma rays: observations ¨ radiation mechanisms: nonthermalX-rays: galaxies

An Intense Gamma-Ray Flare of PKS 1622–297

We report the observation by the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory of a spectacular flare of radio source PKS 1622-297. A peak flux of (17 ± 3) × 10-6 cm-2 s-1 (E > 100 MeV) was observed. The corresponding isotropic luminosity is 2.9 × 1049 ergs s-1. We find that PKS 1622-297 exhibits γ-ray intraday variability. A flux increase by a factor of at least 3.6 was observed to occur in less than 7.1 hr (with 99% confidence). Assuming an exponential rise, the corresponding doubling time is less than 3.8 hr. A significant flux decrease by a factor of ~2 in 9.7 hr was also observed. Without beaming, the rapid flux change and large isotropic luminosity are inconsistent with the Elliot-Shapiro condition (assuming that gas accretion is the immediate source of power for the γ-rays). This inconsistency suggests that the γ-ray emission is beamed. A minimum Doppler factor of 8.1 is implied by the observed lack of pair-production opacity (assuming X-rays are emitted cospatially with the γ-rays). Simultaneous observation by EGRET and OSSE finds a spectrum adequately fitted by a power law with photon index of -1.9. Although the significance is not sufficient to establish this beyond doubt, the high-energy γ-ray spectrum appears to evolve from hard to soft as a flare progresses.

Temporal Evolution of Nonthermal Spectra from Supernova Remnants

Assuming that supernova shocks accelerate nonthermal particles, we model the temporally evolving nonthermal particle and photon spectra at different stages in the lifetime of a standard shell-type supernova remnant (SNR). A characteristic νFν spectrum of an SNR consists of a peak at radio through optical energies from nonthermal electron synchrotron emission and another high-energy gamma-ray peak due primarily to secondary pion production, nonthermal electron bremsstrahlung, and Compton scattering. We find that supernova remnants are capable of producing maximum gamma-ray luminosities 1035 ergs s-1 if the density of the local interstellar medium is 10 cm-3. This emission will persist for 105 yr after the supernova explosion because of the long energy loss timescales for electrons with kinetic energy ~1 GeV. This long gamma-ray lifetime implies that SNRs with a wide range of ages could be gamma-ray sources and could constitute some of the unidentified EGRET sources.

Complex Spectral Variability from Intensive Multiwavelength Monitoring of Markarian 421 in 1998

We conducted a multifrequency campaign for the TeV blazar Markarian 421 in 1998 April. The campaign started from a pronounced high-amplitude flare recorded by BeppoSAX and Whipple; the ASCA observation started 3 days later. In the X-ray data, we detected multiple flares, occurring on timescales of about 1 day. ASCA data clearly reveal spectral variability. The comparison of the data from ASCA, the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer, and the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer indicates that the variability amplitudes in the low-energy synchrotron component are larger at higher photon energies. In TeV γ-rays, large intraday variations—which were correlated with the X-ray flux—were observed when results from three Cerenkov telescopes were combined. The rms variability of TeV γ-rays was similar to that observed in hard X-rays, above 10 keV. The X-ray light curve reveals flares that are almost symmetric for most cases, implying that the dominant timescale is the light crossing time through the emitting region. The structure function analysis based on the continuous X-ray light curve of 7 days indicates that the characteristic timescale is ~0.5 days. The analysis of ASCA light curves in various energy bands appears to show both soft (positive) and hard (negative) lags. These may not be real, as systematic effects could also produce these lags, which are all much smaller than an orbit. If the lags of both signs are real, these imply that the particle acceleration and X-ray cooling timescales are similar.

EGRET Observations of the Gamma‐Ray Source 2CG 135+01

The COS B source 2CG 135+01 has been observed by the EGRET instrument on 10 different occasions during the first ~52 months of the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory mission. The source is detected in all but one of the observations. For that one, the exposure was inadequate. The only likely source that is spatially coincident with the gamma-ray position is the radio source GT 0236+610/LS I +61°303. However, there is no compelling evidence for time variations in the gamma-ray emission associated with the radio outbursts from GT 0236+610. Spectral determinations on a timescale of a few days also give no strong evidence for a spectral variation associated with the radio emission of GT 0236+610. Such fluctuations might be expected based on models involving a compact object in an elliptical binary orbit about a massive star. The search for correlations simultaneous with the 8.4 GHz radio outbursts were supported by coordinated observations with the Madrid Deep Space Network during one of the exposures and by Green Bank Interferometer observations on two others. Although there is some possible variability in the gamma-ray flux, it is not clear that it is related to the radio phasing.

Variability of CGRO/EGRET Gamma-Ray Sources

We have developed a method for quantifying the flux variability of EGRET high-energy gamma-ray sources. We apply this method to all sources in the Second EGRET Catalog except for the one solar flare. Allowing for a small systematic uncertainty, the phase-averaged flux densities of the pulsars are consistent with being nonvariable. Many identified active galactic nuclei are variable, as expected, and it is likely that the apparent nonvariability of some identified active galactic nuclei results from decreased sensitivity to variability at low fluxes and low latitudes. Populations of both variable and nonvariable unidentified sources are found to be in excess at low Galactic latitudes. While low-flux, nonvariable, unidentified sources could result from errors in the Galactic diffuse model, some higher flux, nonvariable, unidentified sources are likely to be Galactic pulsars. The excess of variable, unidentified sources at low latitudes suggests that either pulsars can produce variable gamma rays under special circumstances, or that a new class of Galactic gamma-ray sources exists.

Gamma-Ray Variability of the BL Lacertae Object Markarian 421

We report on the γ-ray variability of Mrk 421 at Eγ > 300 GeV during the 1995 season, and concentrate on the results of an intense multiwavelength observing campaign in the period April 20 to May 5, which included >100 MeV γ-ray, X-ray, extreme-ultraviolet, optical, and radio observations, some of which show evidence for correlated behavior. Rapid variations in the TeV γ-ray light curve with doubling and decay times of 1 day require a compact emission region and significant Doppler boosting. The TeV data reveal that the γ-ray emission is best characterized by a succession of rapid flares with a relatively low baseline level of steady emission.