John S Wright

Jack-the-Bear Dreaming: Ellison's Spiritual Technologies

The year following the 1952 publication of Invisible Man, at the presentation ceremony for the National Book Award he had just won, Ralph Ellison told his audience that if he were asked in all seriousness what he considered to be the chief significance of Invisible Man as a fiction, he would reply, first, ‘‘its experimental attitude,’’ and, second, ‘‘its attempt to return to the mood of personal moral responsibility for democracy which typified the best of our nineteenth century fiction.’’ 1 That his first novel had won such an award he acknowledged as a clear sign of crisis in the American novel, a sense of crisis that he and the other ‘‘younger novelists’’ of the time shared. On the aesthetic level, Ellison’s experimental novel had developed out of his own reaction to a growing uncertainty about the formal possibilities of the novel—an uncertainty that led him to reject both the forms of the ‘‘tight, well-made Jamesian novel’’ and the ‘‘hard-boiled novel’’ of Hemingway, which had been a center of literary revolt among apprentice writers of the 1930s.2 The narrative experiment that Ellison created to fill the void