Jon E. Kalb

Fossil Elephantoids: From the Hominid-Bearing Awash Group, Middle Awash Valley, Afar Depression, Ethiopia

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Vertebrate faunas from the Awash Group, Middle Awash Valley, Afar, Ethiopia

ABSTRACT We present a preliminary report on vertebrate faunas from the Middle Awash Valley in the Afar Depression, from the newly described Adu-Asa, Sagantole, Matabaietu, and Wehaietu Formations. These units, together with the well-known hominid-bearing Hadar Formation and the Chorora Formation, comprise the Awash Group, which is over one kilometer thick, spans the late Neogene, and contains vertebrate fossils throughout. Significantly, periods are represented—the late Miocene to early Pliocene and Middle to late Pleistocene—that are poorly or incompletely known elsewhere in East Africa. At least 24 mammalian families and 170 species are represented in the Awash Group. In the newly described stratigraphic units, faunal change is documented for a number of mammalian groups. This is especially true for Proboscidea, specifically anancine gom-photheres (Gomphotheriidae: Anancinae) and elephants (Elephantidae: Stegotetra-belodontinae and Elephantinae), the Artiodactyla, particularly suids (Suidae), bovids (Bo...

Preliminary geology, paleontology and paleoecology of a sangoan site at Andalee, Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia

Abstract A rich stone tool assemblage is described of the Sangoan-type from a potentially semi-primary site, in association with a well-preserved fauna, and in paleo-environmental context. The site appears to be late Middle Pleistocene and contains a high proportion of small to medium-sized mammals (e.g. rodents, monkeys) deposited in low energy conditions. The environment is suggestive of a fringing woodland or riverine forest contained in a subarid climate.

Fossil elephantoids, Awash paleolake basins, and the Afar triple junction, Ethiopia

Abstract The most diverse collection of fossil elephantoids from a single area, are contained in the 1-km-thick hominid-bearing Awash Group. These deposits range from late Miocene to Holocene in age and are found in the Awash Valley of the Afar Depression, Ethiopia. Uniquely, the Afar elephantoids inhabited a series of internal lake basins splayed out across an evolving, subaerial triple junction created by the separation of the African, East African and Arabian plates. The spatial and temporal distribution of elephantoids in these basins demonstrates that these animals were progressively drawn into the central Afar with the divergence of the three plates. As such, the elephantoids moved from the higher margins of the East African and African plates to the depressed lowlands of the triple junction, where subsiding and migrating lake basins served as ideal habitats for large herbivores with high water requirements. This pattern of migration serves as a model for the migration of animals into intercontinental areas and for their dispersal across plate boundaries.

Anancinae (Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) from the Middle Awash Valley, Afar, Ethiopia

ABSTRACT Late Miocene to early Pliocene gomphothere proboscideans (Family Gomphotheriidae: Subfamily Anancinae) from the Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia, were recovered throughout 350 m of strata, representing some 1½ to 2 my. Specimens referred to the genus Anancus from the Adu-Asa and Sagantole Formations are more complete and more extensive than any described previously from sub-Saharan Africa. Three evolutionary stages referable to A. kenyensis, as well as a much more derived new form of Anancus, are recognizable from dental remains.

Interrelationships of Late Neogene Elephantoids: New evidence from the Middle Awash Valley, Afar, Ethiopia

Abstract As the most diverse collection of Elephantoidea from one area and a single stratigraphic sequence, fossils from the Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia, add significantly to our current knowledge of the morphology and systematic phylogeny of late Neogene proboscideans. Abundant specimens of the late surviving “gomphothere” (in the informal sense), Anancus , reveal two species, an earlier more plesiomorphic form in our cladistic analysis and a later, more derived form. The former is tetralophodont on the M2 and is similar to the poorly preserved A. kenyensis from Kenya; also this earlier form is likely to be the immediate ancestor of a more derived tetralophodont Anancus from South Africa. In turn, these two species are clearly ancestral to pentalophodont sister taxa, one from North Africa ( A. petrocchii ) and a second from the Middle Awash. Both the South African and Ethiopian derived Anancus are apparently new species. All known African genera of the family Elephantidae are also present in the Middle Awash including the three “stegomorphs”, Stegotetrabelodon, Stegodibelodon and Stegodon , all of which form a monophyletic group with the subfamily, Elephantinae, comprising Primelephas, Loxodonta, Mammuthus , and Elephas . In our cladistic analysis, the stegomorphs form a series of paraphyletic taxa that are clearly plesiomorphic to the more widely known elephantines. Finally, the abundant Middle Awash elephants add to our belief that the loxodonts and the remaining elephants ( Primelephas, Mammuthus, Elephas ) form separate clades that are sister groups to one another.