Jon Hesk

Types of oratory

Aristotle’s Rhetoric is our first surviving work to divide oratory into three types ( eidē ) or species ( genē ): “deliberative” ( sumbouleutikon ); “forensic” or “dicanic” ( dikanikon ); “epideictic” or “display” or “demonstrative” ( epideiktikon ). This threefold classification is an important structuring principle in the philosopher’s attempt to establish that rhetoric is a proper “art” (tekhnē). Aristotle’s vision of rhetoric is that it be a practical discourse; an important counterpart to philosophical dialectic in a real-world setting where a speaker is seeking the best available means of persuasion in the face of mass audiences (Aristotle, Rhetoric 1358a36-b8). Aristotle explains that there are three types of rhetorikē because there are three kinds of “hearers” of speeches (1358a37–b6): epideictic oratory is directed at the spectator (theōros), who judges the ability of the speaker. The hearer of forensic oratory judges things that have already happened while the “deliberative” hearer is a judge of things to come. Aristotle goes on to give each of the three types a distinctive mode: deliberative oratory is either hortatory or dissuasive. Forensic oratory is either accusatory or defensive. Epideictic oratory offers either praise or blame (1358b8–13). In line with the remarks on “judgment” the three types also treat different aspects of time (1358b14–19). But when it comes to epideictic oratory, Aristotle’s penchant for tidiness comes under strain: while he deals primarily with matters of the present, the display orator might also recall past events or anticipate the future.