Jonas Nässén

Would shorter working time reduce greenhouse gas emissions? : An analysis of time use and consumption in Swedish households

This paper addresses the effect of working hours on energy use and greenhouse gas emissions from private consumption. Time use and consumption patterns of Swedish households are analysed to estimate the effects of changing income and availability of leisure time. The results indicate that a decrease in working time by 1% may reduce energy use and greenhouse gas emissions by about 0.7% and 0.8%, respectively. These results are mainly because of the effects of lower income and lower consumption. The partly offsetting effect of households having more time available for leisure activities is less than a tenth of the income effect. In a sketched scenario we also elaborate on the long-term impacts of a work time reduction. A gradual reduction towards a 30-hour working week in 2040 would result in a significantly slower growth of energy demand, which would also make it easier to reach climate targets.

Explaining the Variation in Greenhouse Gas Emissions between Households: Socioeconomic, Motivational, and Physical Factors

Consumption-accounted greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (GHGEs) vary considerably between households. Research originating from different traditions, including consumption research, urban planning, and environmental psychology, have studied different types of explanatory variables and provided different insights into this matter. This study integrates explanatory variables from different fields of research in the same empirical material, including socioeconomic variables (income, household size, sex, and age), motivational variables (proenvironmental attitudes and social norms), and physical variables (dwelling types and geographical distances). A survey was distributed to 2,500 Swedish households with a response rate of 40%. GHGEs were estimated for transport, residential energy, food, and other consumption, using data from both the survey and registers, such as odometer readings of cars and electricity consumption from utility providers. The results point toward the importance of explanatory variables that have to do with circumstances rather than motivations for proenvironmental behaviors. Net income was found to be the most important variable to explain GHGEs, followed by the physical variables, dwelling type, and the geographical distance index. The results also indicate that social norms around GHG-intensive activities, for example, transport, may have a larger impact on a subjects emission level than proenvironmental attitudes.

Subjective temporal well-being: Defining, measuring, and applying a new concept

Abstract Time scarcity has become part and parcel of our modern predicament, with individuals’ temporal experiences emerging as a central factor for their well-being. Despite the widespread experience of time-related problems, however, no comprehensive method to measure the subjective temporal dimensions of this experience have been generally accepted. This article seeks to take a step in addressing this gap by introducing a new concept called “Subjective Temporal Well-being”. In the first part of the article, the new concept is defined in its two fundamental dimensions, anchoring it to the experience of a low level of perceived time pressure and a high level of satisfaction with how one’s time is spent. Next, the concept is subjected to an empirical examination using a data-set consisting of 1,000 Swedish respondents. The concept is related to other, existing measures of well-being, and the particular characteristics of individuals found in the present research to have especially “high” and “low” temporal well-being are mapped. The concept of Subjective Temporal Well-being is proposed to provide a comprehensible and tangible angle for the study of key dimensions of people’s everyday lives, which in some cases can be more suitable than the notion of overall well-being. Finally, the implications of the new concept are explored in terms of its possible applications in statistical surveys and its usefulness for academic research.

Price and Income Induced Rebound Effects of Improved Energy Efficiency in Swedish Households: With Comments on Materials Efficiency

Energy efficiency is often identified as the single most important strategy for climate change mitigation. For example, the IIASA-WEC “ecologically driven” scenarios presume global reductions of energy intensities (energy/GDP) by 1.4% per year for the next 50 years, which results in more than twice as large reductions of carbon dioxide emissions as the substitution of fuels in these scenarios (Nakicenovic et al. 1998). However, doubts have also been raised on to what extent energy efficiency can reduce environmental impacts since efficiency improvements may “rebound” through increasing consumption. The magnitude of such effects is crucial to whether energy efficiency can play its projected role and whether it should be a strategy for environmental policy or not.