Jone Castaños

Combining Small-Vertebrate, Marine and Stable-Isotope Data to Reconstruct Past Environments

Three very different records are combined here to reconstruct the evolution of environments in the Cantabrian Region during the Upper Pleistocene, covering ~35.000 years. Two of these records come from Antoliñako Koba (Bizkaia, Spain), an exceptional prehistoric deposit comprising 9 chrono-cultural units (Aurignacian to Epipaleolithic). The palaeoecological signal of small-vertebrate communities and red deer stable-isotope data (δ13C and δ15N) from this mainland site are contrasted to marine microfaunal evidence (planktonic and benthic foraminifers, ostracods and δ18O data) gathered at the southern Bay of Biscay. Many radiocarbon dates for the Antoliña’s sequence, made it possible to compare the different proxies among them and with other well-known North-Atlantic records. Cooling and warming events regionally recorded, mostly coincide with the climatic evolution of the Upper Pleistocene in the north hemisphere.

A large mammal assemblage during MIS 5c: Artazu VII (Arrasate, northern Iberian Peninsula)

Abstract Artazu VII palaeontological site (Arrasate, Gipuzkoa) is one of the few deposits in the Iberian Peninsula in which humans did not intervene in its formation as the site acted as a natural trap. The vertebrate remains recovered are in a very good state of preservation and display great biodiversity. The large mammal assemblage from Artazu VII is studied in detail in this paper. Fourteen different species are described, including ungulates and carnivores. Morphological and osteometric descriptions are also provided, as well as a morphological study of chamois and leopard compared with the same species of similar chronology both in the surroundings of the site and in the rest of the Iberian Peninsula. The existence of biases related to the form of the shaft is tested, as these might relativize the value of the remains as a representative proxy of the fauna in the early Late Pleistocene in the Iberian Peninsula. The palaeoecology inferred from this association indicates the existence of a woodland mass alternating with meadow biotope, and with a watercourse in the surrounding area.

Imanolen Arrobia: A New Late Pleistocene Carnivore Den from the North of the Iberian Peninsula (Deba, Spain)

Abstract. A taphonomic and systematic study of an assemblage of large mammals preserved in an early Upper Pleistocene deposit in Imanolen Arrobia (Deba, northern Spain) is hereby reported. Skeletal profiles, long bone fragmentation and tooth marks reveal that carnivores transported wild goats and chamois carcasses to the cave for their consumption. The abundance of juvenile remains suggests that these carnivores preferentially preyed on immature individuals. After considering the frequencies of different carnivores in the assemblage and other taphonomic and neo-taphonomic features and, even though the wolf (Canis lupus) cannot be completely discarded, the leopard (Panthera pardus) is proposed as the plausible responsible for the hunting and transport of the ungulate remains to the cave. The bones were subsequently probably modified by foxes (Vulpes vulpes) that used the cave as a breeding den. By way of comparative data from the Cantabrian region and especially from the Basque Country, a metric study drawing comparisons between the most frequent species (Capra pyrenaica, Rupicapra pyrenaica, Panthera pardus and Vulpes vulpes) evinces that the Imanolen Arrobia measurements are within the range of variation of fossil species in the northern Iberian Peninsula.

The Late Pleistocene avifauna from Artazu VII (Basque Country, northern Iberian Peninsula)

ABSTRACT This study is a contribution to the knowledge of ancient avifauna in the Iberian Peninsula. 1,786 bird bones have been recovered from Artazu VII (Arrasate, northern Iberian Peninsula), with 239 remains identified to Order/Family and 519 to Genus/Species level, belonging to, at least, 12 taxa: Buteo lagopus, Aquila chrysaetos, Perdix perdix, Coturnix coturnix, Alectoris sp., Lyrurus tetrix, Crex crex, Bubo cf. bubo, Corvus monedula, Pica pica, Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax and Pyrrhocorax graculus. The best represented taxa are corvids, followed by L. tetrix. The most significant finding is the presence of B. lagopus, which represents the second fossil record in the Iberian Peninsula. The morphometric analyses performed for C. coturnix and L. tetrix contribute to the knowledge of those taxa measurements, due to the Artazu VII assemblage being one of the best samples of these taxa in the Iberian Peninsula for the late Pleistocene. All the measurements of B. lagopus and C. coturnix have been analysed statistically. A brief taphonomic study has been carried out to identify the bird accumulation agent. Finally, a palaeoenvironmental analysis is based on the bird assemblage and ecology, and this new information is compared to palaeoenvironmental data inferred from vertebrates at Artazu VII in previous studies.

FIRST COMPLETE SKULL OF A LATE PLEISTOCENE STEPPE BISON (BISON PRISCUS) IN THE IBERIAN PENINSULA

Abstract. The Kiputz IX site has provided one of the best-preserved late Pleistocene bison populations in the southern Pyrenees and has yielded the first almost complete skull of a steppe bison (Bison priscus) in the Iberian Peninsula. This Bison priscus skull is compared on morphological and osteometric grounds with other specimens of steppe bison from Europe and North America. The skull from Kiputz IX falls within the range of the extinct subspecies Bison priscus mediator. Available data support the evidence of three chronological subspecies of Bison priscus (Bison priscus gigas, Bison priscus priscus, and Bison priscus mediator) during the Middle and late Pleistocene.

KIPUTZ IX: UN CONJUNTO SINGULAR DE CIERVO ROJO (CERVUS ELAPHUS LINNAEUS, 1758) DEL PLEISTOCENO SUPERIOR DE LA PENÍNSULA IBÉRICA

Abstract. KIPUTZ IX: A UNIQUE ENSAMBLE OF RED DEER (CERVUS ELAPHUS LINNAEUS, 1738) FROM THE UPPER PLEISTOCENE OF THE IBERIAN PENINSULA. Kiputz IX is an upper Pleistocene site that has provided the richest set of Cervus elaphus complete remains in the Iberian Peninsula. This paper provides a metric and isotopic study of the postcranial skeleton of the 43 individuals that conform this tafocenosis. The robustness of the distal metacarpus evidences the existence of a clear sexual dimorphism and a small predominance of females respect to males. The stage of dental substitution makes evident that the sample is dominated by sub-adult and juvenile specimens, with a low proportion of juvenile and adult individuals. Application of a variability size index on a group of samples from the middle and upper Paleolithic in the Cantabrian Region do not allow establishing any osteometric relation with geographic and chronological factors. Variations in &dgr;13C values among red deer and reindeer are related to the specialized consumption of different plant types. However, the gradual decline in red deer &dgr;13C values over time may reflect the so-called ‘canopy effect’ impacting the floristic composition. Variations in the &dgr;13C and &dgr;15N values, studied together in red deer show that when climatic conditions were more temperate, humidity was higher in this environment than in de northern Pyrenees. The red deer sample from Kiputz IX constitutes a good basis for comparative studies of red deer populations from the Middle and Upper Pleistocene of Europe.

Osteometric analysis of scapula and humerus for Rangifer tarandus and Cervus elaphus:a contribution to the discrimination Late Pleistocene cervids

Fossil remains of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) occurring outside their present range are an important indicator of formerly cold climatic conditions, but are easily confused with those of the red deer (Cervus elaphus). The locality of Kiputz IX has yielded one of the best-preserved Late Pleistocene reindeer populations of the southern Pyrenees, occurring in association with Bison priscus and the much more abundant Cervus elaphus. Fossil remains from this site are mostly complete and not affected by human intervention, thus creating the perfect conditions for reliable osteometric analyses. Here, we quantify diagnostic morphological features of the scapula and the humerus of Cervus elaphus and Rangifer tarandus to establish the potential of these bones to aid in interspecific discrimination. In the case of the scapula, the best species discriminator is the ratio of the minimum anteroposterior diameter of the scapular neck and the development of the articular process, while the breadth of the trochlea is the best discriminator in the case of the humerus.