Jörg Felder

Advances in multimodal neuroimaging: hybrid MR-PET and MR-PET-EEG at 3 T and 9.4 T.

Multi-modal MR-PET-EEG data acquisition in simultaneous mode confers a number of advantages at 3 T and 9.4 T. The three modalities complement each other well; structural-functional imaging being the domain of MRI, molecular imaging with specific tracers is the strength of PET, and EEG provides a temporal dimension where the other two modalities are weak. The utility of hybrid MR-PET at 3 T in a clinical setting is presented and critically discussed. The potential problems and the putative gains to be accrued from hybrid imaging at 9.4 T, with examples from the human brain, are outlined. Steps on the road to 9.4 T multi-modal MR-PET-EEG are also illustrated. From an MR perspective, the potential for ultra-high resolution structural imaging is discussed and example images of the cerebellum with an isotropic resolution of 320 μm are presented, setting the stage for hybrid imaging at ultra-high field. Further, metabolic imaging is discussed and high-resolution images of the sodium distribution are presented. Examples of tumour imaging on a 3 T MR-PET system are presented and discussed. Finally, the perspectives for multi-modal imaging are discussed based on two on-going studies, the first comparing MR and PET methods for the measurement of perfusion and the second which looks at tumour delineation based on MRI contrasts but the knowledge of tumour extent is based on simultaneously acquired PET data.

Simultaneous EEG-fMRI acquisition at low, high and ultra-high magnetic fields up to 9.4 T: perspectives and challenges.

In this perspectives article we highlight the advantages of simultaneous acquisition of electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). As MRI moves towards using ultra-high magnetic fields in the quest for increased signal-to-noise, the question arises whether combined EEG-fMRI measurements are feasible at magnetic fields of 7 T and higher. We describe the challenges of MRI-EEG at 1.5, 3, 7 and 9.4 T and review the proposed solutions. In an outlook, we discuss further developments such as simultaneous trimodal imaging using MR, positron emission tomography (PET) and EEG under the same physiological conditions in the same subject.

EEG acquisition in ultra-high static magnetic fields up to 9.4 T

The simultaneous acquisition of electroencephalographic (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data has gained momentum in recent years due to the synergistic effects of the two modalities with regard to temporal and spatial resolution. Currently, only EEG-data recorded in fields of up to 7 T have been reported. We investigated the feasibility of recording EEG inside a 9.4 T static magnetic field, specifically to determine whether meaningful EEG information could be recovered from the data after removal of the cardiac-related artefact. EEG-data were recorded reliably and reproducibly at 9.4 T and the cardiac-related artefact increased in amplitude with increasing B0, as expected. Furthermore, we were able to correct for the cardiac-related artefact and identify auditory event related responses at 9.4 T in 75% of subjects using independent component analysis (ICA). Also by means of ICA we detected event related spectral perturbations (ERSP) in subjects at 9.4 T in response to opening/closing the eyes comparable with the response at 0 T. Overall our results suggest that it is possible to record meaningful EEG data at ultra-high magnetic fields. The simultaneous EEG-fMRI approach at ultra-high-fields opens up the horizon for investigating brain dynamics at a superb spatial resolution and a temporal resolution in the millisecond domain.

Mapping tissue sodium concentration in the human brain: A comparison of MR sequences at 9.4 Tesla

Sodium is the second most abundant MR-active nucleus in the human body and is of fundamental importance for the function of cells. Previous studies have shown that many pathophysiological conditions induce an increase of the average tissue sodium concentration. To date, several MR sequences have been used to measure sodium. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance and suitability of five different MR sequences for quantitative sodium imaging on a whole-body 9.4Tesla MR scanner. Numerical simulations, phantom experiments and in vivo imaging on healthy subjects were carried out. The results demonstrate that, of these five sequences, the Twisted Projection Imaging sequence is optimal for quantitative sodium imaging, as it combines a number of features which are particularly relevant in order to obtain high quality quantitative images of sodium. These include: ultra-short echo times, efficient k-space sampling, and robustness against off-resonance effects. Mapping of sodium in the human brain is a technique not yet fully explored in neuroscience. Ultra-high field sodium MRI may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of neurological disorders, and may help to develop new and disease-specific biomarkers for the early diagnosis and therapeutic intervention before irreversible brain damage has taken place.

Multicenter study of subjective acceptance during magnetic resonance imaging at 7 and 9.4 T

ObjectivesThe aims of this study were to investigate the subjective discomfort and sensory side effects during ultrahigh field (UHF) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations in a large-scale study and to evaluate differences between magnetic resonance (MR) sites. Materials and MethodsFour MR sites with a 7-T MR system and 2 MR sites with a 9.4-T MR system participated in this multicenter study with a total number of 3457 completed questionnaires on causes of discomfort and sensations during the examination. For a pooled retrospective analysis of the results from the partially different questionnaires, all data were adapted to an answer option with a 4-point scale (0 = no discomfort/side effect, 3 = very unpleasant/very strong sensation). To differentiate effects evoked by the low-frequency time-varying magnetic fields due to movement through the static magnetic field, most questionnaires separated the manifestation of sensory side effects during movement on the patient table from manifestation while lying still in the isocenter. ResultsIn general, a high acceptance of UHF examinations was found, where in 82% of the completed questionnaires, the subjects stated the examination to be at least tolerable. Although in 7.6% of the questionnaires, subjects felt discomfort during the examination, only 0.9% of the image acquisitions had to be terminated prematurely. No adverse events occurred in any of the examinations. Only 1% of the subjects were unwilling to undergo further UHF MRI examinations. Examination duration was the most complained cause of discomfort, followed by acoustic noise and lying still. All magnetic-field–related sensations were more pronounced when moving the patient table versus the isocenter position (19%/2% of the subjects felt unpleasant vertigo during the moving/stationary state). In general, vertigo was the most often stated sensory side effect and was more pronounced at 9.4 T compared with 7 T. However, the results varied substantially among the different sites. ConclusionsThe high levels of subjective acceptance found in this study lead to the conclusion that UHF MRI would be tolerated as a diagnostic tool in clinical practice. For more consistent data ascertainment, we propose a standardized questionnaire for subjective perception monitoring.

Optimum coupling and multimode excitation of traveling‐waves in a whole‐body 9.4T scanner

Given the absence of a body coil, the radio frequency screen of a whole‐body 9.4T magnetic resonance imaging scanner can be used as a circular waveguide. In the unloaded case, the screen allows propagation of the dominant TE11‐ as well as the TM01‐mode. In the first part of this study, the optimum coupling of a circular polarized TE11‐mode was determined empirically for excitation and reception with a rectangular patch antenna. Employing full‐wave simulations, two simulation models and two phantoms, different patch positions were tested to find the optimum position with respect to coupled power and homogenous excitation field. The best simulation results were validated with measurements. The second part of this study describes the design and measurements of a multimode excitation device. Using the parallel transmit system of the MR scanner, all propagable traveling wave modes could be excited and detected independently. The performance of the multimode device related to field of view, B1+‐efficiency and radio frequency shimming was assessed by phantom measurements. Initial results show that three modes are sufficient to homogeneously excite regions of interest at 9.4 T. Magn Reson Med, 2013.

Automatic Segmentation of Human Cortical Layer-Complexes and Architectural Areas Using Ex vivo Diffusion MRI and Its Validation

Recently, several magnetic resonance imaging contrast mechanisms have been shown to distinguish cortical substructure corresponding to selected cortical layers. Here, we investigate cortical layer and area differentiation by automatized unsupervised clustering of high-resolution diffusion MRI data. Several groups of adjacent layers could be distinguished in human primary motor and premotor cortex. We then used the signature of diffusion MRI signals along cortical depth as a criterion to detect area boundaries and find borders at which the signature changes abruptly. We validate our clustering results by histological analysis of the same tissue. These results confirm earlier studies which show that diffusion MRI can probe layer-specific intracortical fiber organization and, moreover, suggests that it contains enough information to automatically classify architecturally distinct cortical areas. We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the automatic clustering approach and its appeal for MR-based cortical histology.

Design and implementation of a simple multinuclear MRI system for ultra high-field imaging of animals

Non-proton MRI has recently garnered gathering interest with the increased availability of ultra high-field MRI system. Assuming the availability of a broadband RF amplifier, performing multinuclear MR experiments essentially requires additional hardware, such as an RF resonator and a T/R switch for each nucleus. A double- or triple-resonant RF probe is typically constructed using traps or PIN-diode circuits, but this approach degrades the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and image quality compared to a single-resonant coil and this is a limiting factor. In this work, we have designed the required hardware for multinuclear MR imaging experiments employing six single-resonant coil sets and a purpose-built animal bed; these have been implemented into a home-integrated 9.4T preclinical MRI scanner. System capabilities are demonstrated by distinguishing concentration differences and sensitivity of X-nuclei imaging and spectroscopy without SNR penalty for any nuclei, no subject interruption and no degradation of the static shim conditions.

Conceptualization, design and simulation of a hybrid antenna system as a simultaneous RF hyperthermia applicator at 600 MHz and RF coil for Magnetic Resonance Imaging at 3 Tesla

This paper presents the conceptualization, design and simulation of a hybrid multi-frequency antenna system for Radio Frequency (RF) hyperthermia and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) applications with ultra-sharp hotspot. Two different bowtie antenna arrays have been designed, simulated and integrated. The first antenna array is designed as an RF coil for MR imaging. It is optimized to generate a highly homogeneous transmit B⃗1+ field and is intended for 3 T MRI systems. This corresponds to a frequency of 128 MHz. The second array aims to induce heat by accumulating the electromagnetic energy at one location thereby forming a hotspot. The operating frequency of the second system is 600 MHz. The computed homogeneity of the B1+ field generated by the imaging antennas shows similar values compared to a birdcage coil at the same frequency. The size of the hotspot generated by the heating subsystem was 26 × 26 × 93 mm3. The heating produced by the MR imaging antennas was negligible, compared to the RF hyperthermia applicator.

MR-compatible, 3.8 inch dual organic light-emitting diode (OLED) in-bore display for functional MRI

Purpose Functional MRI (fMRI) is a well-established method used to investigate localised brain activation by virtue of the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) effect. It often relies on visual presentations using beam projectors, liquid crystal display (LCD) screens, and goggle systems. In this study, we designed an MR compatible, low-cost display unit based on organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) and demonstrated its performance. Methods A 3.8” dual OLED module and an MIPI-to-HDMI converter board were used. The OLED module was enclosed using a shielded box to prevent noise emission from the display module and the potentially destructive absorption of high power RF from the MRI transmit pulses. The front of the OLED module was covered by a conductive, transparent mesh. Power was supplied from a non-magnetic battery. The shielding of the display was evaluated by directly measuring the electromagnetic emission with the aid of a pickup loop and a low noise amplifier, as well as by examining the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of phantom MRI data. The visual angle of the display was calculated and compared to standard solutions. As a proof of concept of the OLED display for fMRI, a healthy volunteer was presented with a visual block paradigm. Results The OLED unit was successfully installed inside a 3 T MRI scanner bore. Operation of the OLED unit did not degrade the SNR of the phantom images. The fMRI data suggest that visual stimulation can be effectively delivered to subjects with the proposed OLED unit without any significant interference between the MRI acquisitions and the display module itself. Discussion We have constructed and evaluated the MR compatible, dual OLED display for fMRI studies. The proposed OLED display provides the benefits of high resolution, wide visual angle, and high contrast video images during fMRI exams.