Jörgen Eklund

Implementing ISO 14000 in Sweden : Motives, Benefits and Comparisons with ISO 900

ISO 14000 is based on the concept that better environmental performance can be achieved when environmental aspects are systematically identified and managed. Despite the growing interest in voluntary environmental management standards, little empirical information exists and only a few survey studies have been made. This paper contains an evaluation of results from a survey on ISO 14000 and ISO 9000 companies. The study presents experiences from the standards implementation processes in Sweden. It focuses on motives for implementation, perceived benefits and key implementation factors. Further, comparisons are made between ISO 14000 and ISO 9000 systems. Swedish companies mainly use the standard to demonstrate their commitment to environmental protection. Most benefits are also perceived in the improved relations with stakeholders and in marketing advantages. Since the standard requires companies to set their environmental policy and objectives themselves, the identification of environmental aspects was stated as most important and also as the factor requiring most effort. Organizations require their suppliers to implement ISO 9000 to a greater extent than ISO 14000.

Concepts, methods and tools in Kansei engineering

Trends in product development today indicate that customers will find it hard to distinguish between many products due to functional equivalency. Customers will, therefore, base their decisions on more subjective factors. Moreover, in the future, products will consist, to a higher grade, of a combination of a tangible and intangible part. Kansei Engineering is a tool translating customers feelings into concrete product parameters and provides support for future product design. Presently, a total of six different types of Kansei Engineering are in use. The aim of this paper is to propose a framework in Kansei Engineering to facilitate the understanding of the different types of Kansei Engineering and to open Kansei Engineering for the integration of new tools. The new structure includes the choice of a product domain, which can be described from a physical and a semantic perspective as building a vector space in each. For the latter mentioned space, the Semantic Differential Method is used. In the next step, the two spaces are merged and a prediction model is built, connecting the Semantic Space and the Space of Product Properties together. The resulting prediction model has to be validated using different types of post-hoc tests.

Relationships between ergonomics and quality in assembly work.

Several studies indicate a relationship between ergonomic work conditions and the quality of the work. The purpose of this study was to evaluate relationships between a number of ergonomic conditions and product quality in car assembly. The most physically demanding tasks, the tasks with the most difficult parts to assemble, and the most psychologically demanding tasks, were identified by interviews with experienced assembly workers. Information on quality deficiencies was obtained from the internal quality statistics of the company and from interviews with quality control personnel. The results showed that the quality deficiencies were three times as common for the work tasks with ergonomics problems, compared with the other tasks. An increased risk of quality deficiencies was seen for all three categories of ergonomics problems investigated. Direct causes of quality deficiencies were identified, such as discomfort from strained parts of the body, organizational factors and time pressure. The analyses pointed to certain types of task that were more likely than others to cause quality problems. The results also showed that an important factor for job satisfaction was the possibility for the workers to perform their tasks with high quality. The study therefore confirms close relationships between ergonomics and quality, and thereby points to the possibility of conducting integrated change programmes aimed at improving work quality and work conditions simultaneously.

Ergonomics, quality and continuous improvementconceptual and empirical relationships in an industrial context

This paper reviews the literature comparing the fields of ergonomics and quality, mainly in an industrial context, including mutual influences, similarities and differences. Relationships between ergonomics and the factors: work conditions, product design, ISO 9000, continuous improvements and TQM are reviewed in relation to the consequence, application, and process domains. The definitions of ergonomics and quality overlap substantially. Quality deficiencies, human errors and ergonomics problems often have the same cause, which in many cases can be traced to the design of work, workplace and environment e.g. noise, light, postures, loads, pace and work content. In addition, the possibility of performing to a high standard at work is an important prerequisite for satisfaction and well-being. Contradictions between the two fields have been identified in the view of concepts such as standardization, reduction of variability and copying of best practice, requiring further research. The field of quality would gain by incorporating ergonomics knowledge, especially in the areas of work design and human capability, since these factors are decisive for human performance and also therefore the performance of the systems involved. The field of ergonomics, on the other hand, would benefit from developing a stronger emphasis on methodologies and structures for improvement processes, including a clearer link with leadership and company strategies. Just as important is a further development of practicable participative ergonomics methods and tools for use at workplaces by the workers themselves, in order to integrate the top-down and the bottom-up processes and achieve better impact. Using participative processes for problem-solving and continuous improvement, focusing ergonomics and quality jointly has a great potential for improving working conditions and quality results simultaneously, and satisfying most of the interested parties.

ISO 9001:2000 in small organisations

Purpose - The aim of the study is to investigate and to understand the practice of implementing and operating the QMS in an organisational context, providing an analysis of the way ISO 9001:2000 was implemented and operated and focusing on identifying factors which have negatively or positively influenced the effects of the quality management system (QMS). Design/methodology/approach - Three case studies of small organisations were examined. The methodological approach was based on Porras and Robertsons model. The data collection methods included interviews, a questionnaire survey of all employees and document studies. Findings - ISO 9001:2000 was implemented and operated with minimum effort and little change was experienced. QMS was not perceived as a tool for managing processes, but as a tool for handling documentation. Consequently, this was reflected in the benefits achieved. Despite the external benefits which followed from obtaining the certificates, only minor internal benefits were found. Internal motivation, engaged and trained employees, a competent quality manager, committed CEO and development-oriented auditors were identified as critical, influencing the effects from ISO 9000. In general, in the way ISO 9001:2000 was implemented and operated many opportunities for improvement were lost. Research limitations/implications - The choice of small organisations for the case studies has important implications for the results. Small organisations often lack resources, which limits the initiatives that they can take. Practical implications - The QMS and its effects are not determined by the ISO 9001 requirements, but by the organisational context and the way the system is implemented and operated. Originality/value - The paper provides an explanation why organisations achieve very different results from ISO 9001 implementation. It also shows that certification bodies may have an important role for the effectiveness of the QMS.

Sustainable development of improvement activities--the long-term operation of a suggestion scheme in a Swedish company

Although the use of continuous improvement (CI) is widespread today, many organizations are faced with problems associated with both the implementation and long-term sustainability of their CI programmes. The purpose of this article is to identify factors important for the sustainable development of suggestion schemes. A case study has been performed in a company that was chosen because the suggestion scheme has been in existence for nine years with a activity level. The main method used is semi-structured interviews and the study of the long-term development has been complemented with previous research performed at the case study company. There seem to have been three periods in the development of the suggestion scheme. First, a period when the system was introduced by a champion (Initiation). Secondly, a period of decline in interest (Decline). Finally, a period of new interest when the suggestion scheme attracted new attention from employees (New Interest). A number of factors seem to influence the sustainability of the suggestion scheme. (1) A champion initiated the suggestion scheme in 1993. (2) The system has been simple and easy to adjust to suit the interests of the stakeholders within the organization. Furthermore it was not too time consuming for anyone involved. (3) Commitment both from managers and shop-floor workers has been an important aspect of the sustainability of the system. (4) Also important was quick feedback to employees submitting suggestions.

Head posture measurements among work vehicle drivers and implications for work and workplace design

An increased risk of musculoskeletal disorders, e.g. from the neck region, has been found among professional drivers of work vehicles. The purpose of this study was to identify causes of postural load and implications for vehicle design and work tasks. A second purpose was to develop the methods for measurement and analysis of head postures. Field measurements of head postures for drivers of fork lift trucks, forestry machines, and cranes were carried out. The equipment used was an electric goniometer measurement system, containing a mechanical transmission between the head and the upper trunk. Methods for data presentation and quantification were developed. The results showed that rotatable and movable driver cabins improved head postures and viewing angles substantially. Narrow window frame structures and large, optimally-placed windows were also advantageous. The steering wheel, controls, and a high backrest restricted shoulder rotation, which increased head rotation in unfavourable viewing angles. Improved workspace layouts and work organization factors such as job enlargement decreased the influence of strenuous postures. The results also showed that head postures should be analysed in two or three dimensions simultaneously, otherwise the postures taken will be underestimated in relation to the maximal voluntary movement.

Reaction torques and operator stress while using powered nutrunners.

Reaction torque measures of six different nutrunners were correlated with EMG measures and subjective ratings of perceived exertion for different work surface orientations, joint stiffnesses, rpm levels, air pressure levels and handle configurations. Using an underpowered tool or using a softer joint resulted in larger impulses and worse ratings. A pulse-type shut-off mechanism produced the lowest reaction torque and the best rating. Overall, ratings correlated directly with the impulse level. The subjects were good judges of stress levels, and subjective ratings were valid measures of operators stress.

Effect assessment in work environment interventions: A methodological reflection

This paper addresses a number of issues for work environment intervention (WEI) researchers in light of the mixed results reported in the literature. If researchers emphasise study quality over intervention quality, reviews that exclude case studies with high quality and multifactorial interventions may be vulnerable to ‘quality criteria selection bias’. Learning from ‘failed’ interventions is inhibited by both publication bias and reporting lengths that limit information on relevant contextual and implementation factors. The authors argue for the need to develop evaluation approaches consistent with the complexity of multifactorial WEIs that: a) are owned by and aimed at the whole organisation; and b) include intervention in early design stages where potential impact is highest. Context variety, complexity and instability in and around organisations suggest that attention might usefully shift from generalisable ‘proof of effectiveness’ to a more nuanced identification of intervention elements and the situations in which they are more likely to work as intended. Statement of Relevance: This paper considers ergonomics interventions from perspectives of what constitutes quality and ‘proof”. It points to limitations of traditional experimental intervention designs and argues that the complexity of organisational change, and the need for multifactorial interventions that reach deep into work processes for greater impact, should be recognised.

Psychological stress and muscle activity during data entry at visual display units

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate whether psychological stress causes increased muscle activity, especially static muscle activity, in the trapezius muscles of the neck and shoulder. A pilot and a main study were carried out with 10 males and 20 females, respectively. The subjects performed a VDU data entry task under psychologically stressful and non-stressful conditions. Stress reactions were measured by different methods: heart rate and heart rate variability, hormonal excretion, and subjective ratings of mood and body symptoms. The stress condition caused an increase in heart rate. The low-frequency variability increased and the high-frequency variability decreased. Ratings of motivation and relaxation decreased, and subjects felt more activated. Pain and discomfort from the stomach increased. Adrenaline and noradrenaline in urine were unaffected. The majority of the subjects showed moderately increased static and median EMG levels during the stress condition. The interindividual variatio...